Finding life outside the planet Earth several is the ultimate goal of an astrobiologist. Using known astronomical measurements and assumptions the probability of extraterrestrial life existence could be estimated. Equations such as the Drake equation (1961) as stated in the paper of Molina (2019) <arXiv:1912.01783>, Seager (2013) <https://www.space.com/22648-drake-equation-alien-life-seager.html> and Foucher et al, (2017) <doi:10.3390/life7040040> are included in the extraterrestrial package.

Estimates an ecological niche using occurrence data, covariates, and kernel density-based estimation methods. For a single species with presence and absence data, the envi package uses the spatial relative risk function that is estimated using the sparr package. Details about the sparr package methods can be found in the tutorial: Davies et al. (2018) <doi:10.1002/sim.7577>. Details about kernel density estimation can be found in J. F. Bithell (1990) <doi:10.1002/sim.4780090616>. More information about relative risk functions using kernel density estimation can be found in J. F. Bithell (1991) <doi:10.1002/sim.4780101112>.

Allows R users to retrieve and parse data from the Urban Institute's Education Data API <https://educationdata.urban.org/> into a data.frame for analysis.

This package provides a plot overlying the niche of multiple species is obtained: 1) to determine the niche conditions which favor a higher species richness, 2) to create a box plot with the range of environmental variables of the species, 3) to obtain a list of species in an area of the niche selected by the user and, 4) to estimate niche overlap among the species.

Computes maximum mean discrepancy two-sample test for univariate data using the Laplacian kernel, as described in Bodenham and Kawahara (2023) <doi:10.1007/s11222-023-10271-x>. The p-value is computed using permutations. Also includes implementation for computing the robust median difference statistic Q_n from Croux and Rousseeuw (1992) <doi:10.1007/978-3-662-26811-7_58> based on Johnson and Mizoguchi (1978) <doi:10.1137/0207013>.

This package provides tools to compute the neural fragility matrix from intracranial electrocorticographic (iEEG) recordings, enabling the analysis of brain dynamics during seizures. The package implements the method described by Li et al. (2017) <doi:10.23919/ACC.2017.7963378> and includes functions for data preprocessing ('Epoch'), fragility computation ('calcAdjFrag'), and visualization.

An integrated set of tools to analyze and simulate networks based on exponential-family random graph models (ERGMs). ergm is a part of the Statnet suite of packages for network analysis. See Hunter, Handcock, Butts, Goodreau, and Morris (2008) <doi:10.18637/jss.v024.i03> and Krivitsky, Hunter, Morris, and Klumb (2023) <doi:10.18637/jss.v105.i06>.

Allows calculating global scores for characteristics of visual stimuli as assessed by human raters. Stimuli are presented as sequence of pairwise comparisons ('contests'), during each of which a rater expresses preference for one stimulus over the other (forced choice). The algorithm for calculating global scores is based on Elo rating, which updates individual scores after each single pairwise contest. Elo rating is widely used to rank chess players according to their performance. Its core feature is that dyadic contests with expected outcomes lead to smaller changes of participants scores than outcomes that were unexpected. As such, Elo rating is an efficient tool to rate individual stimuli when a large number of such stimuli are paired against each other in the context of experiments where the goal is to rank stimuli according to some characteristic of interest. Clark et al (2018) <doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0190393> provide details.

This package provides fast dynamic-programming algorithms in C++'/'Rcpp (with pure R fallbacks) for the exact finite-sample distributions and p-values of Christoffersen (1998) independence (IND) and conditional-coverage (CC) VaR backtests. For completeness, it also provides the exact unconditional-coverage (UC) test following Kupiec (1995) via a closed-form binomial enumeration. See Christoffersen (1998) <doi:10.2307/2527341> and Kupiec (1995) <doi:10.3905/jod.1995.407942>.

Computes a series of indices commonly used in the fields of economic geography, economic complexity, and evolutionary economics to describe the location, distribution, spatial organization, structure, and complexity of economic activities. Functions include basic spatial indicators such as the location quotient, the Krugman specialization index, the Herfindahl or the Shannon entropy indices but also more advanced functions to compute different forms of normalized relatedness between economic activities or network-based measures of economic complexity. Most of the functions use matrix calculus and are based on bipartite (incidence) matrices consisting of region - industry pairs. These are described in Balland (2017) <http://econ.geo.uu.nl/peeg/peeg1709.pdf>.

Implementation of the scaling functions presented in "General statistical scaling laws for stability in ecological systems" by Clark et al in Ecology Letters <DOI:10.1111/ele.13760>. Includes functions for extrapolating variability, resistance, and resilience across spatial and ecological scales, as well as a basic simulation function for producing time series, and a regression routine for generating unbiased parameter estimates. See the main text of the paper for more details.

This package provides functions to test for gene x gene interactions in a bi-parental population of inbred lines. The data are fitted with the mixed linear model described in Rio et al. (2022) <doi:10.1101/2022.12.18.520958>, that accounts for gene x gene interactions at both the fixed effect and variance levels. The package also provides graphical tools to display the gene x gene interaction trend at the mean level and the variance component analysis.

Fit, plot and compare several (extreme value) distribution functions. Compute (truncated) distribution quantile estimates and plot return periods on a linear scale. On the fitting method, see Asquith (2011): Distributional Analysis with L-moment Statistics [...] ISBN 1463508417.

Provide estimation and data generation tools for new multivariate frailty models. This version includes the gamma, inverse Gaussian, weighted Lindley, Birnbaum-Saunders, truncated normal, mixture of inverse Gaussian, mixture of Birnbaum-Saunders, generalized exponential and Jorgensen-Seshadri-Whitmore as the distribution for frailty terms. For the basal model, it is considered a parametric approach based on the exponential, Weibull and the piecewise exponential distributions as well as a semiparametric approach. For details, see Gallardo et al. (2024) <doi:10.1007/s11222-024-10458-w>, Gallardo et al. (2025) <doi:10.1002/bimj.70044>, Kiprotich et al. (2025) <doi:10.1177/09622802251338984> and Gallardo et al. (2025) <doi:10.1038/s41598-025-15903-y>.

This package provides a set of user-friendly functions to aid in organizing, plotting and analyzing event-related potential (ERP) data. Provides an easy-to-learn method to explore ERP data. Should be useful to those without a background in computer programming, and to those who are new to ERPs (or new to the more advanced ERP software available). Emphasis has been placed on highly automated processes using functions with as few arguments as possible. Expects processed (cleaned) data.

This package implements event extraction and early classification of events in data streams in R. It has the functionality to generate 2-dimensional data streams with events belonging to 2 classes. These events can be extracted and features computed. The event features extracted from incomplete-events can be classified using a partial-observations-classifier (Kandanaarachchi et al. 2018) <doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0236331>.

Training and prediction functions are provided for the Extreme Learning Machine algorithm (ELM). The ELM use a Single Hidden Layer Feedforward Neural Network (SLFN) with random generated weights and no gradient-based backpropagation. The training time is very short and the online version allows to update the model using small chunk of the training set at each iteration. The only parameter to tune is the hidden layer size and the learning function.

Gas/Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer(GC/LC-MS) Data Analysis for Environmental Science. This package covered topics such molecular isotope ratio, matrix effects and Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins analysis etc. in environmental analysis.

This package provides a methodology simple and trustworthy for the analysis of extreme values and multiple threshold tests for a generalized Pareto distribution, together with an automatic threshold selection algorithm. See del Castillo, J, Daoudi, J and Lockhart, R (2014) <doi:10.1111/sjos.12037>.

Analysis of items and persons in data. To identify and remove person misfit in polytomous item-response data using either mokken or a graded response model (GRM, via mirt'). Provides automatic thresholds, visual diagnostics (2D/3D), and export utilities. Methods build on Mokken scaling as in Mokken (1971, ISBN:9789027968821) and on the graded response model of Samejima (1969) <doi:10.1007/BF03372160>.

This package provides a wrapper of different methods from Linear Algebra for the equations introduced in The Atlas of Economic Complexity and related literature. This package provides standard matrix and graph output that can be used seamlessly with other packages. See <doi:10.21105/joss.01866> for a summary of these methods and its evolution in literature.

We quantitatively evaluated the assertion that says if one suit is found to be evenly distributed among the 4 players, the rest of the suits are more likely to be evenly distributed. Our mathematical analyses show that, if one suit is found to be evenly distributed, then a second suit has a slightly elevated probability (ranging between 10% to 15%) of being evenly distributed. If two suits are found to be evenly distributed, then a third suit has a substantially elevated probability (ranging between 30% to 50%) of being evenly distributed.This package refers to methods and authentic data from Ely Culbertson <https://www.bridgebum.com/law_of_symmetry.php>, Gregory Stoll <https://gregstoll.com/~gregstoll/bridge/math.html>, and details of performing the probability calculations from Jeremy L. Martin <https://jlmartin.ku.edu/~jlmartin/bridge/basics.pdf>, Emile Borel and Andre Cheron (1954) "The Mathematical Theory of Bridge",Antonio Vivaldi and Gianni Barracho (2001, ISBN:0 7134 8663 5) "Probabilities and Alternatives in Bridge", Ken Monzingo (2005) "Hand and Suit Patterns" <http://web2.acbl.org/documentlibrary/teachers/celebritylessons/handpatternsrevised.pdf>Ken Monzingo (2005) "Hand and Suit Patterns" <http://web2.acbl.org/documentlibrary/teachers/celebritylessons/handpatternsrevised.pdf>.

The EXPOS model uses a digital elevation model (DEM) to estimate exposed and protected areas for a given hurricane wind direction and inflection angle. The resulting topographic exposure maps can be combined with output from the HURRECON model to estimate hurricane wind damage across a region. For details on the original version of the EXPOS model written in Borland Pascal', see: Boose, Foster, and Fluet (1994) <doi:10.2307/2937142>, Boose, Chamberlin, and Foster (2001) <doi:10.1890/0012-9615(2001)071[0027:LARIOH]2.0.CO;2>, and Boose, Serrano, and Foster (2004) <doi:10.1890/02-4057>.

Reads European Data Format files EDF and EDF+, see <http://www.edfplus.info>, BioSemi Data Format files BDF, see <http://www.biosemi.com/faq/file_format.htm>, and BDF+ files, see <http://www.teuniz.net/edfbrowser/bdfplus%20format%20description.html>. The files are read in two steps: first the header is read and then the signals (using the header object as a parameter).