Generates the following sequential two-arm experimental designs: (1) completely randomized (Bernoulli) (2) balanced completely randomized (3) Efron's (1971) Biased Coin (4) Atkinson's (1982) Covariate-Adjusted Biased Coin (5) Kapelner and Krieger's (2014) Covariate-Adjusted Matching on the Fly (6) Kapelner and Krieger's (2021) CARA Matching on the Fly with Differential Covariate Weights (7) Kapelner and Krieger's (2021) CARA Matching on the Fly with Differential Covariate Weights (Stepwise) and also provides the following types of inference: (1) estimation (with both Z-style estimators and OLS estimators), (2) frequentist testing (via asymptotic distribution results and via employing the nonparameteric randomization test) and (3) frequentist confidence intervals (only under the superpopulation sampling assumption currently). Details can be found in Kapelner and Krieger (2021) <doi:10.1111/biom.13561>.

This package performs repeated nested cross-validation for Cox Proportionate Hazards, Cox Lasso, Survival Random Forest, and their ensemble. Returns internally validated concordance index, time-dependent area under the curve, Brier score, calibration slope, and statistical testing of non-linear ensemble outperforming the baseline Cox model. In this, it helps researchers to quantify the gain of using a more complex survival model, or justify its redundancy. Equally, it shows the performance value of the non-linear and interaction terms, and may highlight the need of further feature transformation. Further details can be found in Shamsutdinova, Stamate, Roberts, & Stahl (2022) "Combining Cox Model and Tree-Based Algorithms to Boost Performance and Preserve Interpretability for Health Outcomes" <doi:10.1007/978-3-031-08337-2_15>, where the method is described as Ensemble 1.

This package provides robust and efficient methods for estimating causal effects in a target population using a multi-source dataset, including those of Dahabreh et al. (2019) <doi:10.1111/biom.13716>, Robertson et al. (2021) <doi:10.48550/arXiv.2104.05905>, and Wang et al. (2024) <doi:10.48550/arXiv.2402.02684>. The multi-source data can be a collection of trials, observational studies, or a combination of both, which have the same data structure (outcome, treatment, and covariates). The target population can be based on an internal dataset or an external dataset where only covariate information is available. The causal estimands available are average treatment effects and subgroup treatment effects. See Wang et al. (2025) <doi:10.1017/rsm.2025.5> for a detailed guide on using the package.

Generates sequential, diverging and categorical colour palettes from a single seed colour in OKLCH (the cylindrical lightness-chroma-hue representation of the Oklab perceptual colour space), with spacing measured by the CIEDE2000 colour-difference formula of the International Commission on Illumination. Audits every palette under simulated colour-vision deficiency, greyscale conversion, the standard Red Green Blue (sRGB) gamut and Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) contrast. Colour-vision deficiency is simulated at severity 1.0 with the model of Machado, Oliveira and Fernandes (2009) <doi:10.1109/TVCG.2009.113>; the design rationale follows Crameri, Shephard and Heron (2020) <doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19160-7>. Mirrors the Python reference implementation maintained in the same repository and is validated against shared parity fixtures. Thresholds are configurable design rules, not established accessibility cut-offs.

This package provides functions for evaluating the stability of low-dimensional embeddings and cluster assignments in singleâ cell RNA sequencing (scRNAâ seq) datasets. Starting from a principal component analysis (PCA) object, users can generate multiple replicates of tâ Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (tâ SNE) or Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) embeddings. Embedding stability is quantified by computing pairwise Kendallâ s Tau correlations across replicates and summarizing the distribution of correlation coefficients. In addition to dimensionality reduction, scStability assesses clustering consistency using either Louvain or Leiden algorithms and calculating the Normalized Mutual Information (NMI) between all pairs of cluster assignments. For background on UMAP and t-SNE algorithms, see McInnes et al. (2020, <doi:10.21105/joss.00861>) and van der Maaten & Hinton (2008, <https://github.com/lvdmaaten/bhtsne>), respectively.

This package provides functionality for designing and analysing two-phase genetic association studies. Phase 1 data usually come from genome-wide association study (GWAS) results and we assume phase 2 data will be part of a targeted genome sequencing or fine-mapping study. At design stage, the package assists in selecting a subset of individuals that will be sequenced for phase 2 via alternative approaches, including a flexible genetic algorithm (GA) for near-optimal designs. Once phase 2 data have been collected, the package implements methods to analyse phase 1 and phase 2 data together using semi-parametric regression models via the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm. For more details see Espin-Garcia, Craiu and Bull (2018) <doi:10.1002/gepi.22099> and Espin-Garcia, Craiu and Bull (2021) <doi:10.1002/sim.9211>.

This package provides tools for the identification of unique multilocus genotypes when both genotyping error and missing data may be present. Includes a data pre-screening utility to analyze pairwise locus overlap and protect against underlying mathematical sorting constraints. Targeted for use with large datasets and databases containing multiple samples of each individual (a common situation in conservation genetics, particularly in non-invasive wildlife sampling applications). Functions explicitly incorporate missing data and can tolerate allele mismatches created by genotyping error. If you use this package, please cite the original publication in Molecular Ecology Resources (Galpern et al., 2012), the details for which can be generated using citation('allelematch'). The complete user manual and analytical tutorials are included locally as an R vignette and can be accessed within an active R session using vignette('allelematch').

Extends the Seurat classes and functions to support Genomic Data Structure (GDS) files as a DelayedArray backend for data representation. It relies on the implementation of GDS-based DelayedMatrix in the SCArray package to represent single cell RNA-seq data. The common optimized algorithms leveraging GDS-based and single cell-specific DelayedMatrix (SC_GDSMatrix) are implemented in the SCArray package. SCArray.sat introduces a new SCArrayAssay class (derived from the Seurat Assay), which wraps raw counts, normalized expressions and scaled data matrix based on GDS-specific DelayedMatrix. It is designed to integrate seamlessly with the Seurat package to provide common data analysis in the SeuratObject-based workflow. Compared with Seurat, SCArray.sat significantly reduces the memory usage without downsampling and can be applied to very large datasets.

Fits Penalized Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression when predictors are hybrid objects that combine functional curves (infinite-dimensional fda objects) and scalar covariates (finite-dimensional numeric matrices). The package treats a hybrid predictor as an element of a product Hilbert space formed by the functional and Euclidean components, and implements the arithmetic (addition, scalar multiplication, and inner products, including roughness-penalized inner products) needed to run penalized PLS directly in that space. The algorithm extracts latent components that maximize covariance with a scalar response while penalizing roughness of the estimated functional coefficient curves. Helpers are included for constructing hybrid predictors, two-step within- and between-modality normalization, train/test splitting, synthetic data generation, cross-validated component selection, and prediction. The method is described in Mun and Jang (2026) <doi:10.48550/arXiv.2601.16364>.

This package provides a (mildly) opinionated set of functions to help assess medication adherence for researchers working with medication claims data. Medication adherence analyses have several complex steps that are often convoluted and can be time-intensive. The focus is to create a set of functions using "tidy principles" geared towards transparency, speed, and flexibility while working with adherence metrics. All functions perform exactly one task with an intuitive name so that a researcher can handle details (often achieved with vectorized solutions) while we handle non-vectorized tasks common to most adherence calculations such as adjusting fill dates and determining episodes of care. The methodologies in referenced in this package come from Canfield SL, et al (2019) "Navigating the Wild West of Medication Adherence Reporting in Specialty Pharmacy" <doi:10.18553/jmcp.2019.25.10.1073>.

This package provides a collection of functions for exploratory chemometrics of 2D spectroscopic data sets such as COSY (correlated spectroscopy) and HSQC (heteronuclear single quantum coherence) 2D NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectra. ChemoSpec2D deploys methods aimed primarily at classification of samples and the identification of spectral features which are important in distinguishing samples from each other. Each 2D spectrum (a matrix) is treated as the unit of observation, and thus the physical sample in the spectrometer corresponds to the sample from a statistical perspective. In addition to chemometric tools, a few tools are provided for plotting 2D spectra, but these are not intended to replace the functionality typically available on the spectrometer. ChemoSpec2D takes many of its cues from ChemoSpec and tries to create consistent graphical output and to be very user friendly.

Prepares groundwater-level observations from measured hydraulic head or from depth-to-water and land-surface elevation, interpolates potentiometric surfaces using thin-plate splines, inverse-distance weighting, ordinary Kriging, universal Kriging, or user-supplied methods, and creates raster, contour, diagnostic, support, and hydraulic-gradient products for review and export. Functions retain method conditions and fit diagnostics, validate explicit prediction tasks, inspect model-conditional uncertainty and monitoring-network sensitivity, identify limited prediction support, and check whether scaled hydraulic-gradient arrows remain within finite raster support and end at lower modeled head. Raster processing uses methods from terra (Hijmans 2025) <doi:10.32614/CRAN.package.terra>, thin-plate splines use methods from fields (Nychka et al. 2021) <doi:10.5065/D6W957CT>, and geostatistical interpolation uses methods from gstat (Pebesma 2004) <doi:10.1016/j.cageo.2004.03.012>.

This package provides functions to calculate step- and cadence-based metrics from timestamped accelerometer and wearable device data. Supports CSV and AGD files from ActiGraph devices, CSV files from Fitbit devices, and step counts derived with R package GGIR <https://github.com/wadpac/GGIR>, with automatic handling of epoch lengths from 1 to 60 seconds. Metrics include total steps, cadence peaks, minutes and steps in predefined cadence bands, and time and steps in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Methods and thresholds are informed by the literature, e.g., Tudor-Locke and Rowe (2012) <doi:10.2165/11599170-000000000-00000>, Barreira et al. (2012) <doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e318254f2a3>, and Tudor-Locke et al. (2018) <doi:10.1136/bjsports-2017-097628>. The package record is also available on Zenodo (2023) <doi:10.5281/zenodo.7858094>.

This package creates and fits staged event tree probability models, which are probabilistic graphical models capable of representing asymmetric conditional independence statements for categorical variables. Includes functions to create, plot and fit staged event trees from data, as well as many efficient structure learning algorithms. References: Carli F, Leonelli M, Riccomagno E, Varando G (2022). <doi: 10.18637/jss.v102.i06>. Collazo R. A., Görgen C. and Smith J. Q. (2018, ISBN:9781498729604). Görgen C., Bigatti A., Riccomagno E. and Smith J. Q. (2018) <arXiv:1705.09457>. Thwaites P. A., Smith, J. Q. (2017) <arXiv:1510.00186>. Barclay L. M., Hutton J. L. and Smith J. Q. (2013) <doi:10.1016/j.ijar.2013.05.006>. Smith J. Q. and Anderson P. E. (2008) <doi:10.1016/j.artint.2007.05.004>.

This package contains tools for survey statistics (especially in educational assessment) for datasets with replication designs (jackknife, bootstrap, replicate weights; see Kolenikov, 2010; Pfefferman & Rao, 2009a, 2009b, <doi:10.1016/S0169-7161(09)70003-3>, <doi:10.1016/S0169-7161(09)70037-9>); Shao, 1996, <doi:10.1080/02331889708802523>). Descriptive statistics, linear and logistic regression, path models for manifest variables with measurement error correction and two-level hierarchical regressions for weighted samples are included. Statistical inference can be conducted for multiply imputed datasets and nested multiply imputed datasets and is in particularly suited for the analysis of plausible values (for details see George, Oberwimmer & Itzlinger-Bruneforth, 2016; Bruneforth, Oberwimmer & Robitzsch, 2016; Robitzsch, Pham & Yanagida, 2016). The package development was supported by BIFIE (Federal Institute for Educational Research, Innovation and Development of the Austrian School System; Salzburg, Austria).

This package provides a set of procedures for parametric and non-parametric modelling of the dependence structure of multivariate extreme-values is provided. The statistical inference is performed with non-parametric estimators, likelihood-based estimators and Bayesian techniques. It adapts the methodologies of Beranger and Padoan (2015) <doi:10.48550/arXiv.1508.05561>, Marcon et al. (2016) <doi:10.1214/16-EJS1162>, Marcon et al. (2017) <doi:10.1002/sta4.145>, Marcon et al. (2017) <doi:10.1016/j.jspi.2016.10.004> and Beranger et al. (2021) <doi:10.1007/s10687-019-00364-0>. This package also allows for the modelling of spatial extremes using flexible max-stable processes. It provides simulation algorithms and fitting procedures relying on the Stephenson-Tawn likelihood as per Beranger at al. (2021) <doi:10.1007/s10687-020-00376-1>.

This package provides tools for causal structure learning from observational data, with emphasis on temporally ordered variables. The package implements the Temporal Peterâ Clark (TPC) algorithm (Petersen, Osler & Ekstrøm, 2021; <doi:10.1093/aje/kwab087>), the Temporal Greedy Equivalence Search (TGES) algorithm (Larsen, Ekstrøm & Petersen, 2025; <doi:10.48550/arXiv.2502.06232>) and Temporal Fast Causal Inference (TFCI). It provides a unified framework for specifying background knowledge, which can be incorporated into the implemented algorithms from the R packages bnlearn (Scutari, 2010; <doi:10.18637/jss.v035.i03>) and pcalg (Kalish et al., 2012; <doi:10.18637/jss.v047.i11>), as well as the Java library Tetrad (Scheines et al., 1998; <doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr3301_3>). The package further includes utilities for visualization, comparison, and evaluation of graph structures, facilitating performance evaluation and methodological studies.

This package implements an approach aimed at assessing the accuracy and effectiveness of raw scores obtained in scales that contain locally dependent items. The program uses as input the calibration (structural) item estimates obtained from fitting extended unidimensional factor-analytic solutions in which the existing local dependencies are included. Measures of reliability (Omega) and information are proposed at three levels: (a) total score, (b) bivariate-doublet, and (c) item-by-item deletion, and are compared to those that would be obtained if all the items had been locally independent. All the implemented procedures can be obtained from: (a) linear factor-analytic solutions in which the item scores are treated as approximately continuous, and (b) non-linear solutions in which the item scores are treated as ordered-categorical. A detailed guide can be obtained at the following url.

Reads data from Bruker OPUS binary files of Fourier-Transform infrared spectrometers of the company Bruker Optics GmbH & Co. This package is released independently from Bruker, and Bruker and OPUS are registered trademarks of Bruker Optics GmbH & Co. KG. <https://www.bruker.com/en/products-and-solutions/infrared-and-raman/opus-spectroscopy-software/latest-release.html>. It lets you import both measurement data and parameters from OPUS files. The main method is `read_opus()`, which reads one or multiple OPUS files into a standardized list class. Behind the scenes, the reader parses the file header for assigning spectral blocks and reading binary data from the respective byte positions, using a reverse engineering approach. Infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometrics and machine learning is an established method to scale up chemical diagnostics in various industries and scientific fields.

Integrated species distribution modeling is a rising field in quantitative ecology thanks to significant rises in the quantity of data available, increases in computational speed and the proven benefits of using such models. Despite this, the general software to help ecologists construct such models in an easy-to-use framework is lacking. We therefore introduce the R package PointedSDMs': which provides the tools to help ecologists set up integrated models and perform inference on them. There are also functions within the package to help run spatial cross-validation for model selection, as well as generic plotting and predicting functions. An introduction to these methods is discussed in Issac, Jarzyna, Keil, Dambly, Boersch-Supan, Browning, Freeman, Golding, Guillera-Arroita, Henrys, Jarvis, Lahoz-Monfort, Pagel, Pescott, Schmucki, Simmonds and Oâ Hara (2020) <doi:10.1016/j.tree.2019.08.006>.

Computes segregation indices, including the Index of Dissimilarity, as well as the information-theoretic indices developed by Theil (1971) <isbn:978-0471858454>, namely the Mutual Information Index (M) and Theil's Information Index (H). The M, further described by Mora and Ruiz-Castillo (2011) <doi:10.1111/j.1467-9531.2011.01237.x> and Frankel and Volij (2011) <doi:10.1016/j.jet.2010.10.008>, is a measure of segregation that is highly decomposable. The package provides tools to decompose the index by units and groups (local segregation), and by within and between terms. The package also provides a method to decompose differences in segregation as described by Elbers (2021) <doi:10.1177/0049124121986204>. The package includes standard error estimation by bootstrapping, which also corrects for small sample bias. The package also contains functions for visualizing segregation patterns.

Anscombe's quartet are a set of four two-variable datasets that have several common summary statistics but which have very different joint distributions. This becomes apparent when the data are plotted, which illustrates the importance of using graphical displays in Statistics. This package enables the creation of datasets that have identical marginal sample means and sample variances, sample correlation, least squares regression coefficients and coefficient of determination. The user supplies an initial dataset, which is shifted, scaled and rotated in order to achieve target summary statistics. The general shape of the initial dataset is retained. The target statistics can be supplied directly or calculated based on a user-supplied dataset. The datasauRus package <https://cran.r-project.org/package=datasauRus> provides further examples of datasets that have markedly different scatter plots but share many sample summary statistics.

This package provides a conservative, assumption-aware statistical consistency checker for published research results. Parses test statistics, effect sizes, and confidence intervals from text, PDF, HTML, and Word documents across multiple citation styles including American Psychological Association (APA), Harvard, Frontiers, PLOS ONE, Scientific Reports, Nature Human Behaviour, PeerJ, eLife, PNAS, and others. Recomputes effect sizes using all plausible variants when design is ambiguous, and validates internal consistency. Supports t-tests, F-tests/ANOVA, correlations, chi-square, z-tests, regression, and nonparametric tests. Provides statcheck'-compatible API functions for batch processing of files and directories. Explicitly tracks all assumptions and uncertainty in output. Detects decision errors (significance reversals) similar to statcheck'. Note: this package is under active development and results should be independently verified. Use is at the sole responsibility of the user. Contributions and verification reports are welcome.

Detection of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from the comparison of two biological conditions (treated vs. untreated, diseased vs. normal, mutant vs. wild-type) among different levels of gene expression (transcriptome ,translatome, proteome), using several statistical methods: Rank Product, Translational Efficiency, t-test, Limma, ANOTA, DESeq, edgeR. Possibility to plot the results with scatterplots, histograms, MA plots, standard deviation (SD) plots, coefficient of variation (CV) plots. Detection of significantly enriched post-transcriptional regulatory factors (RBPs, miRNAs, etc) and Gene Ontology terms in the lists of DEGs previously identified for the two expression levels. Comparison of GO terms enriched only in one of the levels or in both. Calculation of the semantic similarity score between the lists of enriched GO terms coming from the two expression levels. Visual examination and comparison of the enriched terms with heatmaps, radar plots and barplots.