This package implements the autorelevated family of probability distributions, obtained by applying the autorelevation transformation of Krakowski (1973) <doi:10.1051/ro/197307V201071> and Dileepkumar and Sankaran (2022) to ten baseline probability distributions: Weibull, Lomax, Burr XII, Gompertz, Log-Logistic, Chen, Exponentiated Exponential, Power Lindley, Log-normal, and Gamma. The Weibull member of the family is studied in detail by Dileep Kumar, Shabeer, and Sankaran (2025) <doi:10.1080/01966324.2026.2665479>. The Lomax member is studied by Sharma, Pal, Bhardwaj, and Tyagi (2026, submitted), who establish its upside-down bathtub hazard shape. Supplies vectorized density, distribution, survival, hazard, quantile (via the negative branch of the Lambert W function), and random-generation functions for all ten members of the family. It also implements Maximum Likelihood, Maximum Product of Spacings, Least Squares, Weighted Least Squares, and Cramer-von Mises estimation methods along with a Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit test, a Total Time on Test plot, and model selection by AIC, BIC, CAIC, and HQIC. It also includes a bundled bladder cancer remission dataset (Lee and Wang, 2003) for illustration.

This package implements the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm of Dempster, Laird, and Rubin (1977) <doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1977.tb01600.x> for parameter estimation under progressive Type-II censored data (Balakrishnan and Aggarwala (2000) <doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-1186-0>) and computes Generalized Process Capability Indices (GPCIs). Uses the UniCensorEM package for EM estimation. Supports classical and generalized capability indices including Cpy (Maiti et al. (2010) <doi:10.1080/16843703.2010.11673233>), Cp, Cpk, Cpu, Cpl, Cpm, Cpmk, Spmk (Dey and Saha (2019) <doi:10.1007/s41872-019-00081-4>), CpTk (Saha et al. (2018) <doi:10.1080/21681015.2018.1437793>), Cpc, CNpmc (Alotaibi et al. (2022) <doi:10.1155/2022/3135264>), CNpmkc (Saha et al. (2024) <doi:10.1142/S021853932450013X>), and CNpk (Saha et al. (2022) <doi:10.1080/02664763.2021.1971632>). Computes point estimates, bias, mean squared error, risk, Heidelberger and Welch convergence diagnostics, convergence probability, and bootstrap confidence intervals at 90 percent, 95 percent, and 99 percent levels. Accommodates user-defined probability density or mass functions, cumulative distribution functions, and survival functions.

Used for predicting a genotype's allelic state at a specific locus/QTL/gene. This is accomplished by using both a genotype matrix and a separate file which has categorizations about loci/QTL/genes of interest for the individuals in the genotypic matrix. A training population can be created from a panel of individuals who have been previously screened for specific loci/QTL/genes, and this previous screening could be summarized into a category. Using the categorization of individuals which have been genotyped using a genome wide marker platform, a model can be trained to predict what category (haplotype) an individual belongs in based on their genetic sequence in the region associated with the locus/QTL/gene. These trained models can then be used to predict the haplotype of a locus/QTL/gene for individuals which have been genotyped with a genome wide platform yet not genotyped for the specific locus/QTL/gene. This package is based off work done by Winn et al 2021. For more specific information on this method, refer to <doi:10.1007/s00122-022-04178-w>.

Earth system dynamics, such as plant dynamics, water bodies, and fire regimes, are widely monitored using spectral indicators obtained from multispectral remote sensing products. There is a great need for spectral index catalogues and computing tools as a result of the quick rise of suggested spectral indices. Unfortunately, the majority of these resources lack a standard Application Programming Interface, are out-of-date, closed-source, or are not linked to a catalogue. We now introduce VegSpecIndex', a standardised list of spectral indices for studies of the earth system. A thorough inventory of spectral indices is offered by VegSpecIndex and is connected to an R library. For every spectral index, VegSpecIndex provides a comprehensive collection of information, such as names, formulae, and source references. The user community may add more items to the catalogue, which will keep VegSpecIndex up to date and allow for further scientific uses. Additionally, the R library makes it possible to apply the catalogue to actual data, which makes it easier to employ remote sensing resources effectively across a variety of Earth system domains.

Attain excellent covariate balance by matching two treated units and one control unit or vice versa within strata. Using such triples, as opposed to also allowing pairs of treated and control units, allows easier interpretation of the two possible weights of observations and better insensitivity to unmeasured bias in the test statistic. Using triples instead of matching in a fixed 1:2 or 2:1 ratio allows for the match to be feasible in more situations. The rrelaxiv package, which provides an alternative solver for the underlying network flow problems, carries an academic license and is not available on CRAN, but may be downloaded from GitHub at <https://github.com/josherrickson/rrelaxiv/>. The Gurobi commercial optimization software is required to use the two functions [infsentrip()] and [triplesIP()]. These functions are not essential to the main purpose of this package. A free academic license can be obtained at <https://www.gurobi.com/features/academic-named-user-license/>. The gurobi R package can then be installed following the instructions at <https://www.gurobi.com/documentation/9.1/refman/ins_the_r_package.html>.

This package implements metafrontier production function models for estimating technical efficiencies and technology gaps for groups of firms that face different restrictions of a common underlying metatechnology (group-specific technologies in the sense of Battese, Rao, and O'Donnell, 2004). Supports both stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) and data envelopment analysis (DEA) based metafrontiers. Includes the deterministic metafrontier of Battese, Rao, and O'Donnell (2004) <doi:10.1023/B:PROD.0000012454.06094.29>, the stochastic metafrontier of Huang, Huang, and Liu (2014) <doi:10.1007/s11123-014-0402-2>, and the metafrontier Malmquist productivity index of O'Donnell, Rao, and Battese (2008) <doi:10.1007/s00181-007-0119-4>. The deterministic metafrontier can be identified by either the minimum sum of absolute deviations (LP) or the minimum sum of squared deviations (QP) criterion. Additional features include panel SFA with time-varying inefficiency, bootstrap confidence intervals for technology gap ratios, a DEA poolability permutation test, latent class metafrontier estimation via the EM algorithm, Murphy-Topel corrected standard errors, convergence diagnostics, import of pre-fitted models from external estimation engines ('sfaR', frontier', Benchmarking'), and ggplot2 visualisation methods.

Set of generalised tools for the flexible computation of climate related indicators defined by the user. Each method represents a specific mathematical approach which is combined with the possibility to select an arbitrary time period to define the indicator. This enables a wide range of possibilities to tailor the most suitable indicator for each particular climate service application (agriculture, food security, energy, water management, health...). This package is intended for sub-seasonal, seasonal and decadal climate predictions, but its methods are also applicable to other time-scales, provided the dimensional structure of the input is maintained. Additionally, the outputs of the functions in this package are compatible with CSTools'. This package is described in Pérez-Zanón et al. (2023) <doi:10.1016/j.cliser.2023.100393> and was developed in the context of the H2020 projects MED-GOLD (776467) and S2S4E (776787) projects, as well as the Horizon Europe project MEDEWSA (101121192) and the national project BOREAS (PID2022-140673OA-I00). See Lledó et al. (2019) <doi:10.1016/j.renene.2019.04.135> and Chou et al., 2023 <doi:10.1016/j.cliser.2023.100345> for details.

This package provides an expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm using the approach introduced in Warasi (2023) <doi:10.1080/03610918.2021.2009867>. The EM algorithm can be used to estimate the prevalence (overall proportion) of a disease and to estimate a binary regression model from among the class of generalized linear models based on group testing data. The estimation framework we consider offers a flexible and general approach; i.e., its application is not limited to any specific group testing protocol. Consequently, the EM algorithm can model data arising from simple pooling as well as advanced pooling such as hierarchical testing, array testing, and quality control pooling. Also, provided are functions that can be used to conduct the Wald tests described in Buse (1982) <doi:10.1080/00031305.1982.10482817> and to simulate the group testing data described in Kim et al. (2007) <doi:10.1111/j.1541-0420.2007.00817.x>. We offer a function to compute relative efficiency measures, which can be used to optimize group testing designs for maximum likelihood estimation of disease prevalence, as described in Warasi and Das (2024) <doi:10.1007/s13253-024-00646-6>.

Estimation and inference methods for the cross-quantilogram. The cross-quantilogram is a measure of nonlinear dependence between two variables, based on either unconditional or conditional quantile functions. It can be considered an extension of the correlogram, which is a correlation function over multiple lag periods that mainly focuses on linear dependency. One can use the cross-quantilogram to detect the presence of directional predictability from one time series to another. This package provides a statistical inference method based on the stationary bootstrap. For detailed theoretical and empirical explanations, see Linton and Whang (2007) for univariate time series analysis and Han, Linton, Oka and Whang (2016) for multivariate time series analysis. The full references for these key publications are as follows: (1) Linton, O., and Whang, Y. J. (2007). The quantilogram: with an application to evaluating directional predictability. Journal of Econometrics, 141(1), 250-282 <doi:10.1016/j.jeconom.2007.01.004>; (2) Han, H., Linton, O., Oka, T., and Whang, Y. J. (2016). The cross-quantilogram: measuring quantile dependence and testing directional predictability between time series. Journal of Econometrics, 193(1), 251-270 <doi:10.1016/j.jeconom.2016.03.001>.

An implementation of functions to display Greek letters on the RStudio (include subscript and superscript indexes) and RGui (without subscripts and only with superscript 1, 2 or 3; because RGui doesn't support printing the corresponding Unicode characters as a string: all subscripts ranging from 0 to 9 and superscripts equal to 0, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9). The functions in this package do not work properly on the R console. Characters are used via Unicode and encoded as UTF-8 to ensure that they can be viewed on all operating systems. Other characters related to mathematics are included, such as the infinity symbol. All this accessible from very simple commands. This is a package that can be used for teaching purposes, the statistical notation for hypothesis testing can be written from this package and so it is possible to build a course from the swirlify package. Another utility of this package is to create new summary functions that contain the functional form of the model adjusted with the Greek letters, thus making the transition from statistical theory to practice easier. In addition, it is a natural extension of the clisymbols package.

Analyse prescription drug deliveries to calculate several indicators of polypharmacy corresponding to the various definitions found in the literature. Bjerrum, L., Rosholm, J. U., Hallas, J., & Kragstrup, J. (1997) <doi:10.1007/s002280050329>. Chan, D.-C., Hao, Y.-T., & Wu, S.-C. (2009a) <doi:10.1002/pds.1712>. Fincke, B. G., Snyder, K., Cantillon, C., Gaehde, S., Standring, P., Fiore, L., ... Gagnon, D.R. (2005) <doi:10.1002/pds.966>. Hovstadius, B., Astrand, B., & Petersson, G. (2009) <doi:10.1186/1472-6904-9-11>. Hovstadius, B., Astrand, B., & Petersson, G. (2010) <doi:10.1002/pds.1921>. Kennerfalk, A., Ruigómez, A., Wallander, M.-A., Wilhelmsen, L., & Johansson, S. (2002) <doi:10.1345/aph.1A226>. Masnoon, N., Shakib, S., Kalisch-Ellett, L., & Caughey, G. E. (2017) <doi:10.1186/s12877-017-0621-2>. Narayan, S. W., & Nishtala, P. S. (2015) <doi:10.1007/s40801-015-0020-y>. Nishtala, P. S., & Salahudeen, M. S. (2015) <doi:10.1159/000368191>. Park, H. Y., Ryu, H. N., Shim, M. K., Sohn, H. S., & Kwon, J. W. (2016) <doi:10.5414/cp202484>. Veehof, L., Stewart, R., Haaijer-Ruskamp, F., & Jong, B. M. (2000) <doi:10.1093/fampra/17.3.261>.

Identifies reference periods (months, fortnights, and weeks) in Brazil's quarterly PNADC (Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicilios Continua) survey data and computes calibrated weights for sub-quarterly analysis. The core algorithm uses IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica) Parada Tecnica (technical break) rules combined with respondent birthdates to determine which temporal period each survey observation refers to. Period identification follows a nested hierarchy enforced by construction: fortnights require months, weeks require fortnights. Achieves approximately 97% monthly determination rate with the full series (2012-2025). Strict fortnight and week rates are approximately 9% and 3% respectively, as they cannot leverage cross-quarter panel aggregation. Experimental strategies (probabilistic assignment and UPA (Primary Sampling Unit) aggregation) further improve these determination rates. The package provides adaptive hierarchical weight calibration (4/2/1 cell levels for month/fortnight/week) with period-specific smoothing to produce survey weights calibrated to SIDRA (Sistema IBGE de Recuperacao Automatica) population totals. Also includes a SIDRA mensalization module that converts 86+ official rolling quarter series from the IBGE SIDRA API (Application Programming Interface) into exact monthly estimates, without requiring access to microdata. Hecksher and Barbosa (2026) <https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/fra5u_v1>.

Offers a rich and diverse collection of datasets focused on agriculture, agronomy, animal science, and related fields. The package includes experimental, observational, and field-trial data on crops such as rice, wheat, corn, soybean, cotton, coffee, avocado, and orange, as well as forestry species including bamboo, eucalyptus, and timber. Datasets cover plant breeding and genetics, factorial and randomized block experiments, herbicide and insecticide efficacy trials, pest and disease infestation, soil characteristics and land suitability, plant growth regulators, seed germination, and crop yield modeling. Additional datasets address animal science topics such as cattle insemination and conception, pig and broiler growth, lamb births, and toxicology studies on aquatic and non-target species. Data sources include peer-reviewed agronomic studies, uniformity and Latin square field trials, glasshouse experiments, and international agricultural surveys. Designed for agronomists, researchers, plant and animal scientists, data scientists, and students, this package facilitates exploratory data analysis, statistical modeling, and hypothesis testing in agricultural and biological sciences. The package includes datasets originally distributed in other R packages. The original authors and contributors associated with these source packages and datasets are acknowledged in Authors@R, and the original sources and applicable licensing terms are documented in LICENSES_DETAILS.md.

This package provides data set and function for exploration of Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) 2017-18 data for Punjab, Pakistan. The results of the present survey are critically important for the purposes of SDG monitoring, as the survey produces information on 32 global SDG indicators. The data was collected from 53,840 households selected at the second stage with systematic random sampling out of a sample of 2,692 clusters selected using Probability Proportional to size sampling. Six questionnaires were used in the survey: (1) a household questionnaire to collect basic demographic information on all de jure household members (usual residents), the household, and the dwelling; (2) a water quality testing questionnaire administered in three households in each cluster of the sample; (3) a questionnaire for individual women administered in each household to all women age 15-49 years; (4) a questionnaire for individual men administered in every second household to all men age 15-49 years; (5) an under-5 questionnaire, administered to mothers (or caretakers) of all children under 5 living in the household; and (6) a questionnaire for children age 5-17 years, administered to the mother (or caretaker) of one randomly selected child age 5-17 years living in the household.

An R implementation of the Critical Path Method (CPM). CPM is a method used to estimate the minimum project duration and determine the amount of scheduling flexibility on the logical network paths within the schedule model. The flexibility is in terms of early start, early finish, late start, late finish, total float and free float. Beside, it permits to quantify the complexity of network diagram through the analysis of topological indicators. Finally, it permits to change the activities duration to perform what-if scenario analysis. The package was built based on following references: To make topological sorting and other graph operation, we use Csardi, G. & Nepusz, T. (2005) <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221995787_The_Igraph_Software_Package_for_Complex_Network_Research>; For schedule concept, the reference was Project Management Institute (2017) <https://www.pmi.org/pmbok-guide-standards/foundational/pmbok>; For standards terms, we use Project Management Institute (2017) <https://www.pmi.org/pmbok-guide-standards/lexicon>; For algorithms on Critical Path Method development, we use Vanhoucke, M. (2013) <doi:10.1007/978-3-642-40438-2> and Vanhoucke, M. (2014) <doi:10.1007/978-3-319-04331-9>; And, finally, for topological definitions, we use Vanhoucke, M. (2009) <doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1014-1>.

This package implements Bayesian quantile regression for count data using the jittering technique for discrete data smoothing and an asymmetric Laplace distribution likelihood. Supports adaptive variable selection via a random-bridge penalty with a beta prior on the power parameter, as well as fixed-bridge and Lasso penalties. Utilizes Markov chain Monte Carlo with Gibbs sampling and adaptive Metropolis-Hastings algorithms for posterior inference, provides Gelman-Rubin convergence diagnostics, and predicts conditional quantiles for count responses. Methodology and applications are based on the following key references: Luo, Zhou, Hu, and Li (2026, Journal of Mathematics, 2026:1543166, <doi:10.1155/jom/1543166>), Koenker and Bassett (1978, Econometrica, 46, 33-50, <doi:10.2307/1913643>), Machado and Santos Silva (2005, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 100, 1226-1237, <doi:10.1198/016214505000000330>), Yu and Moyeed (2001, Statistics and Probability Letters, 54, 437-447, <doi:10.1016/S0167-7152(01)00124-9>), Polson, Scott, and Windle (2014, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B, 76, 713-733, <doi:10.1111/rssb.12042>), Park and Casella (2008, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 103, 681-686, <doi:10.1198/016214508000000337>), and Roberts and Rosenthal (2009, Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, 18, 349-367, <doi:10.1198/jcgs.2009.06134>).

Levels and changes of productivity and profitability are measured with various indices. The package contains the multiplicatively complete Färe-Primont, Fisher, Hicks-Moorsteen, Laspeyres, Lowe, and Paasche indices, as well as the classic Malmquist productivity index. Färe-Primont and Lowe indices verify the transitivity property and can therefore be used for multilateral or multitemporal comparison. Fisher, Hicks-Moorsteen, Laspeyres, Malmquist, and Paasche indices are not transitive and are only to be used for binary comparison. All indices can also be decomposed into different components, providing insightful information on the sources of productivity and profitability changes. In the use of Malmquist productivity index, the technological change index can be further decomposed into bias technological change components. The package also allows to prohibit technological regression (negative technological change). In the case of the Fisher, Hicks-Moorsteen, Laspeyres, Paasche and the transitive Färe-Primont and Lowe indices, it is furthermore possible to rule out technological change. Deflated shadow prices can also be obtained. Besides, the package allows parallel computing as an option, depending on the user's computer configuration. All computations are carried out with the nonparametric Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), and several assumptions regarding returns to scale are available. All DEA linear programs are implemented using lp_solve'.

This package implements methods for bivariate and univariate Laplace transforms of residual lives and reversed residual lives, associated stochastic ordering concepts, and entropy measures for reliability analysis. The package covers: (1) Bivariate Laplace transform of residual lives and stochastic comparisons based on the bivariate Laplace transform order of residual lives (BLt-rl), including weak bivariate hazard rate, mean residual life, and relative mean residual life orders, nonparametric estimation, and NBUHR/NWUHR aging class characterisation; Jayalekshmi, Rajesh, and Nair (2022) "Bivariate Laplace Transform of Residual Lives and Their Properties" <doi:10.1080/03610926.2022.2085874>; (2) Bivariate Laplace transform order of reversed residual lives (BLt-Rrl), reversed hazard gradient, reversed mean residual life, and the associated stochastic orders (weak bivariate reversed hazard rate, weak bivariate reversed mean residual life); Jayalekshmi, Rajesh, and Nair (2022) "Bivariate Laplace Transform Order and Ordering of Reversed Residual Lives" <doi:10.1142/S0218539322500061>; (3) Univariate Laplace transform of residual life, hazard rate, mean residual life, and the corresponding stochastic orders (Lt-rl order, hazard rate order, MRL order), together with a nonparametric estimator. Shannon entropy and Golomb's (1966) information generating function are also provided. Parametric families supported include the Gumbel bivariate exponential, Farlie-Gumbel-Morgenstern (FGM), bivariate power, and Schur-constant distributions. Plotting utilities and a simulation framework for evaluating estimator performance are also provided.

The bivariate copula mixed model for meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy studies in Nikoloulopoulos (2015) <doi:10.1002/sim.6595> and Nikoloulopoulos (2018) <doi:10.1007/s10182-017-0299-y>. The vine copula mixed model for meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy studies accounting for disease prevalence in Nikoloulopoulos (2017) <doi:10.1177/0962280215596769> and also accounting for non-evaluable subjects in Nikoloulopoulos (2020) <doi:10.1515/ijb-2019-0107>. The hybrid vine copula mixed model for meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy case-control and cohort studies in Nikoloulopoulos (2018) <doi:10.1177/0962280216682376>. The D-vine copula mixed model for meta-analysis and comparison of two diagnostic tests in Nikoloulopoulos (2019) <doi:10.1177/0962280218796685>. The multinomial quadrivariate D-vine copula mixed model for meta-analysis of diagnostic tests with non-evaluable subjects in Nikoloulopoulos (2020) <doi:10.1177/0962280220913898>. The one-factor copula mixed model for joint meta-analysis of multiple diagnostic tests in Nikoloulopoulos (2022) <doi:10.1111/rssa.12838>. The multinomial six-variate 1-truncated D-vine copula mixed model for meta-analysis of two diagnostic tests accounting for within and between studies dependence in Nikoloulopoulos (2024) <doi:10.1177/09622802241269645>. The 1-truncated D-vine copula mixed models for meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy studies without a gold standard (Nikoloulopoulos, 2025) <doi:10.1093/biomtc/ujaf037>.

This package provides a comprehensive, generalized framework for computing, estimating, and validating Generalized Process Capability Indices (GPCIs) under Hybrid Type-II censored lifetime data. Supports user-supplied probability density or mass functions (PDF/PMF), cumulative distribution functions (CDF), survival functions (SF), and quantile functions. Parameter estimation under Hybrid Type-II censoring is performed via Maximum Likelihood Estimation using the MleCensoR package (Childs et al., 2003 <doi:10.1007/BF02517803>; Balakrishnan & Kundu, 2013 <doi:10.1002/nav.21545>). Computes classical and non-normal capability indices, including Cpy (Maiti et al., 2010 <doi:10.1080/16843703.2010.11673233>), Spmk (Dey & Saha, 2019 <doi:10.1007/s41872-019-00081-4>), CpTk (Saha et al., 2019), Cpc (Saha et al., 2022 <doi:10.1080/02664763.2021.1971632>), CNpmc (Alotaibi et al., 2022 <doi:10.1155/2022/3135264>), CNpmkc (Saha et al., 2024 <doi:10.1142/S021853932450013X>), CNpk (Saha et al., 2018 <doi:10.1080/21681015.2018.1437793>), and Vannman's Cp(u,v) family. Evaluates parametric and non-parametric bootstrap confidence intervals at 90 percent, 95 percent, and 99 percent levels of significance using percentile, normal, basic, BCa, BCp, and studentized bootstrap methods. Computes standard errors, mean squared errors, and coverage probabilities for both distribution parameters and capability indices. Integrates goodness-of-fit testing for Hybrid Type-II censored data via the gofPHCS package.

Set of tools for analyzing vertical fuel continuity at the tree level using Airborne Laser Scanning data. The workflow consisted of: 1) calculating the vertical height profiles of each segmented tree; 2) identifying gaps and fuel layers; 3) estimating the distance between fuel layers; and 4) retrieving the fuel layers base height and depth. Additionally, other functions recalculate previous metrics after considering distances greater than certain threshold. Moreover, the package calculates: i) the percentage of Leaf Area Density comprised in each fuel layer, ii) remove fuel layers with Leaf Area Density (LAD) percentage less than 10, and iii) recalculate the distances among the reminder ones. On the other hand, it identifies the crown base height (CBH) based on different criteria: the fuel layer with the highest LAD percentage and the fuel layers located at the largest- and at the last-distance. When there is only one fuel layer, it also identifies the CBH performing a segmented linear regression (breaking points) on the cumulative sum of LAD as a function of height. Finally, a collection of plotting functions is developed to represent: i) the initial gaps and fuel layers; ii) the fuels base height, depths and gaps with distances greater than certain threshold and, iii) the CBH based on different criteria. The methods implemented in this package are original and have not been published elsewhere.

This package implements Gibbs sampling and Bayes factors for multinomial models with linear inequality constraints on the vector of probability parameters. As special cases, the model class includes models that predict a linear order of binomial probabilities (e.g., p[1] < p[2] < p[3] < .50) and mixture models assuming that the parameter vector p must be inside the convex hull of a finite number of predicted patterns (i.e., vertices). A formal definition of inequality-constrained multinomial models and the implemented computational methods is provided in: Heck, D.W., & Davis-Stober, C.P. (2019). Multinomial models with linear inequality constraints: Overview and improvements of computational methods for Bayesian inference. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 91, 70-87. <doi:10.1016/j.jmp.2019.03.004>. Inequality-constrained multinomial models have applications in the area of judgment and decision making to fit and test random utility models (Regenwetter, M., Dana, J., & Davis-Stober, C.P. (2011). Transitivity of preferences. Psychological Review, 118, 42â 56, <doi:10.1037/a0021150>) or to perform outcome-based strategy classification to select the decision strategy that provides the best account for a vector of observed choice frequencies (Heck, D.W., Hilbig, B.E., & Moshagen, M. (2017). From information processing to decisions: Formalizing and comparing probabilistic choice models. Cognitive Psychology, 96, 26â 40. <doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2017.05.003>).

Climate is a critical component limiting growing range of plant species, which also determines cultivar adaptation to a region. The evaluation of climate influence on fruit production is critical for decision-making in the design stage of orchards and vineyards and in the evaluation of the potential consequences of future climate. Bio- climatic indices and plant phenology are commonly used to describe the suitability of climate for growing quality fruit and to provide temporal and spatial information about regarding ongoing and future changes. fruclimadapt streamlines the assessment of climate adaptation and the identification of potential risks for grapevines and fruit trees. Procedures in the package allow to i) downscale daily meteorological variables to hourly values (Forster et al (2016) <doi:10.5194/gmd-9-2315-2016>), ii) estimate chilling and forcing heat accumulation (Miranda et al (2019) <https://ec.europa.eu/eip/agriculture/sites/default/files/fg30_mp5_phenology_critical_temperatures.pdf>), iii) estimate plant phenology (Schwartz (2012) <doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6925-0>), iv) calculate bioclimatic indices to evaluate fruit tree and grapevine adaptation (e.g. Badr et al (2017) <doi:10.3354/cr01532>), v) estimate the incidence of weather-related disorders in fruits (e.g. Snyder and de Melo-Abreu (2005, ISBN:92-5-105328-6) and vi) estimate plant water requirements (Allen et al (1998, ISBN:92-5-104219-5)).

This package provides a Bayesian statistical model for estimating child (under-five age group) and adult (15-60 age group) mortality. The main challenge is how to combine and integrate these different time series and how to produce unified estimates of mortality rates during a specified time span. GPR is a Bayesian statistical model for estimating child and adult mortality rates which its data likelihood is mortality rates from different data sources such as: Death Registration System, Censuses or surveys. There are also various hyper-parameters for completeness of DRS, mean, covariance functions and variances as priors. This function produces estimations and uncertainty (95% or any desirable percentiles) based on sampling and non-sampling errors due to variation in data sources. The GP model utilizes Bayesian inference to update predicted mortality rates as a posterior in Bayes rule by combining data and a prior probability distribution over parameters in mean, covariance function, and the regression model. This package uses Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) to sample from posterior probability distribution by rstan package in R. Details are given in Wang H, Dwyer-Lindgren L, Lofgren KT, et al. (2012) <doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61719-X>, Wang H, Liddell CA, Coates MM, et al. (2014) <doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60497-9> and Mohammadi, Parsaeian, Mehdipour et al. (2017) <doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30105-5>.