This package provides a comprehensive generalized framework for parameter estimation and Generalized Process Capability Indices (GPCIs) under Progressive Type-II censored data using the MleCensoR package. Accepts user-supplied probability density functions (PDF/PMF), cumulative distribution functions (CDF), and survival functions (SF). Computes classical and generalized capability indices including Cpy (Maiti et al., 2010 <doi:10.1080/16843703.2010.11673233>), Spmk (Dey & Saha, 2019 <doi:10.1007/s41872-019-00081-4>), CpTk (Saha et al., 2019), Cpc (Saha et al., 2022 <doi:10.1080/02664763.2021.1971632>), CNpmc (Alotaibi et al., 2022 <doi:10.1155/2022/3135264>), CNpmkc (Saha et al., 2024 <doi:10.1142/S021853932450013X>), CNpk (Saha et al., 2018 <doi:10.1080/21681015.2018.1437793>), and Vannman's Cp(u,v) family. Evaluates parametric and non-parametric bootstrap confidence intervals at 90%, 95%, and 99% levels of significance. Computes Standard Errors, Mean Squared Error (MSE), Bias, and Coverage Probabilities for model parameters and capability indices. References: Balakrishnan & Aggarwala (2000) <doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-1186-0>, Maiti, Saha & Nanda (2010) <doi:10.1080/16843703.2010.11673233>, Saha, Dey & Maiti (2018) <doi:10.1080/21681015.2018.1437793>, Dey & Saha (2019) <doi:10.1007/s41872-019-00081-4>, Saha, Dey & Maiti (2019), Alotaibi, Dey & Saha (2022) <doi:10.1155/2022/3135264>, Saha, Dey & Nadarajah (2022) <doi:10.1080/02664763.2021.1971632>, Saha, Tripathi & Dey (2024) <doi:10.1142/S021853932450013X>.

This package implements an entropy-informed pipeline for detecting emerging variants in viral amino acid sequence data, extending prior clustering-based approaches including hemagglutinin clustering methods (Li et al., 2015) <doi:10.1142/9789814667944_0018>. Provides a fully vectorized FASTA preprocessing toolkit covering header parsing, two-pass date and country extraction, ambiguous-residue filtering, and integer encoding under a 25-symbol amino acid alphabet. Computes per-site Shannon entropy across user-defined cumulative, sliding, or disjoint temporal partitions and clusters per-site entropy values using Gaussian mixture models via mclust (Scrucca et al., 2016) <doi:10.32614/RJ-2016-021>. Quantifies temporal distributional shifts between partitions using the Hellinger distance (van der Vaart, 1998) <doi:10.1017/CBO9780511802256>, and detects temporal change points non-parametrically using energy statistics (Matteson and James, 2014) <doi:10.1080/01621459.2013.849605> via ecp or wild binary segmentation (Fryzlewicz, 2014) <doi:10.1214/14-AOS1245> via HDcpDetect'. Per-site amino-acid frequency tables and entropy trajectory plots characterize sequence composition and evolutionary dynamics across time. A configurable multi-variant simulation engine generates synthetic sequence time series with known ground truth for benchmarking detection pipelines. A curated dataset of SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern and Variants of Interest with associated lineage and surveillance metadata is included, along with a bundled National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Spike protein sample and vignettes demonstrating the full workflow.

Computes the test statistic and p-values of the one-sample and two-sample Hausdorff (H) goodness-of-fit tests. The H statistic measures the Hausdorff distance under the Chebyshev (l-infinity) metric, between the two cumulative distribution functions (cdfs) underlying the corresponding one-sample and two-sample null hypothesis. It coincides to the side length of the largest axis-aligned square (hypercube) that can be inscribed between the two cdfs. The following cases are covered: (i) one-sample, univariate; (ii) two-sample univariate; and (iii) two-sample bivariate. Exact one-sample p-values are computed in O(n^2 log n) time via the Exact-KS-FFT method of Dimitrova, Kaishev, and Tan (2020) <doi:10.18637/jss.v095.i10>; two-sample p-values are obtained by permutation. A key advantage of the H test is that its sensitivity can be directed towards the left tail, body, or right tail of the distribution by tuning a scale parameter sigma, and therefore maximizing its power which as shown numerically is significantly higher than the power of the classical tests such as the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Cramer-von Mises, and Anderson-Darling test, especially when the right tail of the distribution is targeted. The sensitivity of the test (left tail, body, or right tail) is governed by two parameters psi1 and psi2, whose values needs to be input. Then the optimal value of the scale parameter sigma is automatically computed.

This package provides fast alternatives to standard survival analysis functions in the survival package, together with tools for time-to-event trial simulation and sequential analysis. The estimation and testing functions cover a single-time-point Kaplan-Meier estimator (survfit_fast()), log-rank tests including weighted and stratified variants (survdiff_fast()), a closed-form hazard ratio estimator based on the Pike-Halley Estimator method (coxph_fast()), restricted mean survival time (rmst_fast()), window mean survival time (wmst_fast()), milestone survival comparison (milestone_fast()), median survival time (medsurv_fast()), the max-combo test (maxcombo_fast()), the robust modestly-weighted log-rank test (rmw_fast()), the weighted Kaplan-Meier (Pepe-Fleming) test (wkm_fast()), the average hazard with survival weight (ahsw_fast()), and the Kalbfleisch-Prentice average hazard ratio (ahr_fast()). The simulation layer generates individual patient data (simdata_fast()), performs interim or sequential analyses (analysis_fast()), and aggregates operating characteristics (simsummary_fast()). A visualization layer assembles design-stage scenarios (gen_scenario_fast()) and builds analysis-stage Kaplan-Meier curves (kmcurve_fast()), each with plot and print methods. All functions are designed for repeated evaluation inside large simulation loops, such as adaptive sample-size re-estimation, probability-of-success calculations, and regional consistency evaluation in multi-regional trials. Core computations are implemented in C++ via Rcpp for maximum performance. Methodological background is described in Collett (2014, ISBN:9780429196294).

This package provides statistical methods and visualizations that are often used in reliability engineering. Comprises a compact and easily accessible set of methods and visualization tools that make the examination and adjustment as well as the analysis and interpretation of field data (and bench tests) as simple as possible. Non-parametric estimators like Median Ranks, Kaplan-Meier (Abernethy, 2006, <ISBN:978-0-9653062-3-2>), Johnson (Johnson, 1964, <ISBN:978-0444403223>), and Nelson-Aalen for failure probability estimation within samples that contain failures as well as censored data are included. The package supports methods like Maximum Likelihood and Rank Regression, (Genschel and Meeker, 2010, <DOI:10.1080/08982112.2010.503447>) for the estimation of multiple parametric lifetime distributions, as well as the computation of confidence intervals of quantiles and probabilities using the delta method related to Fisher's confidence intervals (Meeker and Escobar, 1998, <ISBN:9780471673279>) and the beta-binomial confidence bounds. If desired, mixture model analysis can be done with segmented regression and the EM algorithm. Besides the well-known Weibull analysis, the package also contains Monte Carlo methods for the correction and completion of imprecisely recorded or unknown lifetime characteristics. (Verband der Automobilindustrie e.V. (VDA), 2016, <ISSN:0943-9412>). Plots are created statically ('ggplot2') or interactively ('plotly') and can be customized with functions of the respective visualization package. The graphical technique of probability plotting as well as the addition of regression lines and confidence bounds to existing plots are supported.

This package provides a chemical speciation and toxicity prediction model for the toxicity of metals to aquatic organisms. The Biotic Ligand Model (BLM) engine was originally programmed in PowerBasic by Robert Santore and others. The main way the BLM can be used is to predict the toxicity of a metal to an organism with a known sensitivity (i.e., it is known how much of that metal must accumulate on that organism's biotic ligand to cause a physiological effect in a certain percentage of the population, such as a 20% loss in reproduction or a 50% mortality rate). The second way the BLM can be used is to estimate the chemical speciation of the metal and other constituents in water, including estimating the amount of metal accumulated to an organism's biotic ligand during a toxicity test. In the first application of the BLM, the amount of metal associated with a toxicity endpoint, or regulatory limit will be predicted, while in the second application, the amount of metal is known and the portions of that metal that exist in various forms will be determined. This version of the engine has been re-structured to perform the calculations in a different way that will make it more efficient in R, while also making it more flexible and easier to maintain in the future. Because of this, it does not currently match the desktop model exactly, but we hope to improve this comparability in the future.

This is an evolving and growing collection of tools for the quantification, assessment, and comparison of shape and pattern. This collection provides tools for: (1) the spatial decomposition of planar shapes using ShrinkShape to incrementally shrink shapes to extinction while computing area, perimeter, and number of parts at each iteration of shrinking; the spectra of results are returned in graphic and tabular formats (Remmel 2015) <doi:10.1111/cag.12222>, (2) simulating landscape patterns, (3) provision of tools for estimating composition and configuration parameters from a categorical (binary) landscape map (grid) and then simulates a selected number of statistically similar landscapes. Class-focused pattern metrics are computed for each simulated map to produce empirical distributions against which statistical comparisons can be made. The code permits the analysis of single maps or pairs of maps (Remmel and Fortin 2013) <doi:10.1007/s10980-013-9905-x>, (4) counting the number of each first-order pattern element and converting that information into both frequency and empirical probability vectors (Remmel 2020) <doi:10.3390/e22040420>, and (5) computing the porosity of raster patches <doi:10.3390/su10103413>. NOTE: This is a consolidation of existing packages ('PatternClass', ShapePattern') to begin warehousing all shape and pattern code in a common package. Additional utility tools for handling data are provided and this package will be added to as more tools are created, cleaned-up, and documented. Note that all future developments will appear in this package and that PatternClass will eventually be archived.

In social and educational settings, the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a challenging task. Relevant data is often only available in handwritten forms, or the use of data is restricted by privacy policies. This often leads to small data sets. Furthermore, in the educational and social sciences, data is often unbalanced in terms of frequencies. To support educators as well as educational and social researchers in using the potentials of AI for their work, this package provides a unified interface for neural nets in PyTorch to deal with natural language problems. In addition, the package ships with a shiny app, providing a graphical user interface. This allows the usage of AI for people without skills in writing python/R scripts. The tools integrate existing mathematical and statistical methods for dealing with small data sets via pseudo-labeling (e.g. Cascante-Bonilla et al. (2020) <doi:10.48550/arXiv.2001.06001>) and imbalanced data via the creation of synthetic cases (e.g. Islam et al. (2012) <doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2021.108288>). Performance evaluation of AI is connected to measures from content analysis which educational and social researchers are generally more familiar with (e.g. Berding & Pargmann (2022) <doi:10.30819/5581>, Gwet (2014) <ISBN:978-0-9708062-8-4>, Krippendorff (2019) <doi:10.4135/9781071878781>). Estimation of energy consumption and CO2 emissions during model training is done with the python library codecarbon'. Finally, all objects created with this package allow to share trained AI models with other people.

This package provides functions for evaluating and testing asset pricing models, including estimation and testing of factor risk premia, selection of "strong" risk factors (factors having nonzero population correlation with test asset returns), heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation robust covariance matrix estimation and testing for model misspecification and identification. The functions for estimating and testing factor risk premia implement the Fama-MachBeth (1973) <doi:10.1086/260061> two-pass approach, the misspecification-robust approaches of Kan-Robotti-Shanken (2013) <doi:10.1111/jofi.12035>, and the approaches based on tradable factor risk premia of Quaini-Trojani-Yuan (2023) <doi:10.2139/ssrn.4574683>. The functions for selecting the "strong" risk factors are based on the Oracle estimator of Quaini-Trojani-Yuan (2023) <doi:10.2139/ssrn.4574683> and the factor screening procedure of Gospodinov-Kan-Robotti (2014) <doi:10.2139/ssrn.2579821>. The functions for evaluating model misspecification implement the HJ model misspecification distance of Kan-Robotti (2008) <doi:10.1016/j.jempfin.2008.03.003>, which is a modification of the prominent Hansen-Jagannathan (1997) <doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1997.tb04813.x> distance. The functions for testing model identification specialize the Kleibergen-Paap (2006) <doi:10.1016/j.jeconom.2005.02.011> and the Chen-Fang (2019) <doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.1997.tb04813.x> rank test to the regression coefficient matrix of test asset returns on risk factors. Finally, the function for heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation robust covariance estimation implements the Newey-West (1994) <doi:10.2307/2297912> covariance estimator.

Generalized framework for data generation, Maximum Likelihood Estimation, and Bayesian estimation of stress-strength reliability R = P(Y < X) for arbitrary continuous distributions under censoring schemes based on Chapter 9 of Balakrishnan', Cramer', and Kundu (2023) <ISBN:978-0-12-398387-9>. Users provide probability density functions, cumulative distribution functions, survival functions, support bounds, parameter ranges, and sample sizes. Implements data generation under Type-I, Type-II, progressive Type-II, Type-I hybrid, Type-II hybrid, generalized hybrid, progressive hybrid, joint, block random, middle, and truncation censoring schemes, accompanied by diagnostic histograms, dot plots, and autocorrelation plots. Maximum Likelihood Estimation supports optimization routines including Newton-Raphson', Broyden'-'Fletcher'-'Goldfarb'-'Shanno ('BFGS'), BFGS in R ('BFGSR'), Berndt'-'Hall'-'Hall'-'Hausman ('BHHH'), Simulated Annealing ('SANN'), Conjugate Gradients ('CG'), and Nelder'-'Mead ('NM'), returning summaries ('AIC', coef', logLik', nIter', stdEr', summary, vcov'). Bayesian estimation of stress-strength reliability R = P(Y < X) is performed via Gibbs sampling, Metropolis-Hastings algorithm, Importance Sampling, and Lindley approximation (1980). Methods and censoring schemes are described in Balakrishnan', Cramer', and Kundu (2023, ISBN:978-0-12-398387-9), Lindley (1980) <doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1980.tb01102.x>, Geweke (1989) <doi:10.2307/2290062>, Metropolis (1953) <doi:10.1063/1.1699114>, Hastings (1970) <doi:10.1093/biomet/57.1.97>, Geman and Geman (1984) <doi:10.1109/TPAMI.1984.4767596>, Kundu and Gupta (2005) <doi:10.1016/j.jspi.2004.09.006>, Kundu and Gupta (2006) <doi:10.1016/j.csda.2005.02.007>, Berndt', Hall', Hall', and Hausman (1974) <doi:10.3386/t0003>, Fletcher (1987, ISBN:978-0-471-91547-8), and Nelder and Mead (1965) <doi:10.1093/comjnl/7.4.308>.

Intended to be used by the United States Copyright Office Product Management Division Business Analysts. Include algorithms for the United States Copyright Office Product Management Division SR Audit Data dataset. The algorithm takes in the SR Audit Data excel file and reformat the spreadsheet such that the values and variables fit the format of the online database. Support functions in this package include clean_str(), which cleans instances of variable AUDIT_LOG; clean_data_to_excel(), which cleans and output the reorganized SR Audit Data dataset in excel format; clean_data_to_dataframe(), which cleans and stores the reorganized SR Audit Data data set to a data frame; format_from_excel(), which reads in the outputted excel file from the clean_data_to_excel() function and formats and returns the data as a dictionary that uses FIELD types as keys and NON-FIELD types as the values of those keys. format_from_dataframe(), which reads in the outputted data frame from the clean_data_to_dataframe() function and formats and returns the data as a dictionary that uses FIELD types as keys and NON-FIELD types as the values of those keys; support_function(), which takes in the dictionary outputted either from the format_from_dataframe() or format_from_excel() function and returns the data as a formatted data frame according to the original U.S. Copyright Office SR Audit Data online database. The main function of this package is clean_format_all(), which takes in an excel file and returns the formatted data into a new excel and text file according to the format from the U.S. Copyright Office SR Audit Data online database.

This package implements univariate gamma frailty regression models for survival data with six different baseline distributions: the Arvind distribution (Pandey et al., 2024), the Lindley distribution (Lindley, 1958), the Linear Failure Rate distribution (Bain, 1974), the Power Xgamma distribution (Tyagi et al., 2022), the Modified Topp-Leone distribution (Singh et al., 2025), and the Power Failure Rate distribution (Mugdadi, 2005). The package supports uncensored (complete) and censored data (right, left, interval, and progressive censoring) with and without covariates. It provides maximum likelihood estimation, standard errors, confidence intervals, t-statistics, p-values, Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), a bootstrap approximation of the Widely Applicable Information Criterion (WAIC), k-fold cross-validation, variance inflation factors, R-squared, adjusted R-squared, Mean Squared Error (MSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), an overall model F-test, frailty variance estimation, survival probabilities at user-specified time points, median survival, expected survival within a fixed window, risk predictions, marginal predictions, martingale and deviance residuals, standardized and studentized residuals, leverage values, Cook's distance, Difference in Fits (DFFITS), Difference in Betas (DFBETAS), and a comprehensive suite of diagnostic and survival plots including Kaplan-Meier overlays and coefficient forest plots. Random number generation is available for each baseline distribution and the full frailty model, and a simulation study function evaluates parameter recovery across sample sizes and censoring scenarios. References are Lindley (1958) <doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1958.tb00278.x>, Mugdadi (2005) <doi:10.1016/j.amc.2004.09.064>, Bain (1974) <doi:10.1080/00401706.1974.10489237>, Singh, Tyagi, Singh, and Tyagi (2025) <https://ph02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/thaistat/article/view/257215>, Pandey, Singh, Tyagi, and Tyagi (2024) <https://ssca.org.in/journal.html>, and Tyagi, Kumar, Pandey, Saha, and Bagariya (2022) <https://ijsreg.com/>.

Quickly score raw data outputted from an Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998) <doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464>. IAT scores are calculated as specified by Greenwald, Nosek, and Banaji (2003) <doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.197>. The output of this function is a data frame that consists of four rows containing the following information: (1) the overall IAT effect size for the participant's dataset, (2) the effect size calculated for odd trials only, (3) the effect size calculated for even trials only, and (4) the proportion of trials with reaction times under 300ms (which is important for exclusion purposes). Items (2) and (3) allow for a measure of the internal consistency of the IAT. Specifically, you can use the subsetted IAT effect sizes for odd and even trials to calculate Cronbach's alpha across participants in the sample. The input function consists of three arguments. First, indicate the name of the dataset to be analyzed. This is the only required input. Second, indicate the number of trials in your entire IAT (the default is set to 220, which is typical for most IATs). Last, indicate whether congruent trials (e.g., flowers and pleasant) or incongruent trials (e.g., guns and pleasant) were presented first for this participant (the default is set to congruent). Data files should consist of six columns organized in order as follows: Block (0-6), trial (0-19 for training blocks, 0-39 for test blocks), category (dependent on your IAT), the type of item within that category (dependent on your IAT), a dummy variable indicating whether the participant was correct or incorrect on that trial (0=correct, 1=incorrect), and the participantâ s reaction time (in milliseconds). A sample dataset (titled sampledata') is included in this package to practice with.

Statistical methods for the modeling and monitoring of time series of counts, proportions and categorical data, as well as for the modeling of continuous-time point processes of epidemic phenomena. The monitoring methods focus on aberration detection in count data time series from public health surveillance of communicable diseases, but applications could just as well originate from environmetrics, reliability engineering, econometrics, or social sciences. The package implements many typical outbreak detection procedures such as the (improved) Farrington algorithm, or the negative binomial GLR-CUSUM method of Hoehle and Paul (2008) <doi:10.1016/j.csda.2008.02.015>. A novel CUSUM approach combining logistic and multinomial logistic modeling is also included. The package contains several real-world data sets, the ability to simulate outbreak data, and to visualize the results of the monitoring in a temporal, spatial or spatio-temporal fashion. A recent overview of the available monitoring procedures is given by Salmon et al. (2016) <doi:10.18637/jss.v070.i10>. For the retrospective analysis of epidemic spread, the package provides three endemic-epidemic modeling frameworks with tools for visualization, likelihood inference, and simulation. hhh4() estimates models for (multivariate) count time series following Paul and Held (2011) <doi:10.1002/sim.4177> and Meyer and Held (2014) <doi:10.1214/14-AOAS743>. twinSIR() models the susceptible-infectious-recovered (SIR) event history of a fixed population, e.g, epidemics across farms or networks, as a multivariate point process as proposed by Hoehle (2009) <doi:10.1002/bimj.200900050>. twinstim() estimates self-exciting point process models for a spatio-temporal point pattern of infective events, e.g., time-stamped geo-referenced surveillance data, as proposed by Meyer et al. (2012) <doi:10.1111/j.1541-0420.2011.01684.x>. A recent overview of the implemented space-time modeling frameworks for epidemic phenomena is given by Meyer et al. (2017) <doi:10.18637/jss.v077.i11>.

This package implements shared frailty regression models for survival data under eight censoring mechanisms: exact, right censoring (Kalbfleisch and Prentice, 2002), left censoring, interval censoring (Sun, 2006), progressive Type I censoring, and progressive Type II censoring (Balakrishnan and Aggarwala, 2000 <doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-1334-5>). Combines four frailty distributions -- Gamma (Clayton, 1978), Inverse Gaussian (Hougaard, 1984), and two variants of the Generalized Lindley (GL) distribution: GL Type 1, a two-component gamma mixture with distribution-specific scale/shape linkage (Pandey, Hanagal, and Tyagi, 2022), and GL Type 2, a two-component gamma mixture with a common rate parameter (Pandey and Tyagi, 2021 <doi:10.1134/S1995080222010140>) -- with two baseline hazard distributions: the two-parameter Weibull distribution (Weibull, 1951) and the three-parameter Generalized (Exponentiated) Weibull distribution (Mudholkar and Srivastava, 1993 <doi:10.1109/24.229504>). A no-frailty baseline-only model is also supported for nested model comparison. Maximum likelihood estimation is conducted using Newton-Raphson and Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (BFGS) algorithms via the maxLik package (Henningsen and Toomet, 2011 <doi:10.1007/s00180-010-0217-1>). Provides standard errors, confidence intervals, hypothesis tests, Akaike Information Criterion (AIC, Akaike, 1974 <doi:10.1109/TAC.1974.1100705>), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC, Schwarz, 1978 <doi:10.1214/aos/1176344136>), corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AICc, Hurvich and Tsai, 1989), Hannan-Quinn Information Criterion (HQIC, Hannan and Quinn, 1979), a bootstrap approximation of the Widely Applicable Information Criterion (WAIC, Watanabe, 2010), k-fold cross-validation, frailty variance estimation, survival, hazard, median, risk, and marginal predictions, Cox-Snell (Cox and Snell, 1968), martingale (Barlow and Prentice, 1988), and deviance residuals with a Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit test, influence diagnostics (leverage, Cook's distance, difference in fits (DFFITS), difference in betas (DFBETAS); Belsley, Kuh, and Welsch, 1980), random data generation under all eight censoring mechanisms, a Monte Carlo simulation-study function, and a diagnostic and survival plotting suite.

Algorithms for checking the accuracy of a clustering result with known classes, computing cluster validity indices, and generating plots for comparing them. The package is compatible with K-means, fuzzy C means, EM clustering, and hierarchical clustering (single, average, and complete linkage). The details of the indices in this package can be found in: J. C. Bezdek, M. Moshtaghi, T. Runkler, C. Leckie (2016) <doi:10.1109/TFUZZ.2016.2540063>, T. Calinski, J. Harabasz (1974) <doi:10.1080/03610927408827101>, C. H. Chou, M. C. Su, E. Lai (2004) <doi:10.1007/s10044-004-0218-1>, D. L. Davies, D. W. Bouldin (1979) <doi:10.1109/TPAMI.1979.4766909>, J. C. Dunn (1973) <doi:10.1080/01969727308546046>, F. Haouas, Z. Ben Dhiaf, A. Hammouda, B. Solaiman (2017) <doi:10.1109/FUZZ-IEEE.2017.8015651>, M. Kim, R. S. Ramakrishna (2005) <doi:10.1016/j.patrec.2005.04.007>, S. H. Kwon (1998) <doi:10.1049/EL:19981523>, S. H. Kwon, J. Kim, S. H. Son (2021) <doi:10.1049/ell2.12249>, G. W. Miligan (1980) <doi:10.1007/BF02293907>, M. K. Pakhira, S. Bandyopadhyay, U. Maulik (2004) <doi:10.1016/j.patcog.2003.06.005>, M. Popescu, J. C. Bezdek, T. C. Havens, J. M. Keller (2013) <doi:10.1109/TSMCB.2012.2205679>, S. Saitta, B. Raphael, I. Smith (2007) <doi:10.1007/978-3-540-73499-4_14>, A. Starczewski (2017) <doi:10.1007/s10044-015-0525-8>, Y. Tang, F. Sun, Z. Sun (2005) <doi:10.1109/ACC.2005.1470111>, N. Wiroonsri (2024) <doi:10.1016/j.patcog.2023.109910>, N. Wiroonsri, O. Preedasawakul (2023) <doi:10.48550/arXiv.2308.14785>, C. H. Wu, C. S. Ouyang, L. W. Chen, L. W. Lu (2015) <doi:10.1109/TFUZZ.2014.2322495>, X. Xie, G. Beni (1991) <doi:10.1109/34.85677> and P.J. Rousseeuw (1987) and L. Kaufman and P.J. Rousseeuw(2009) <doi:10.1016/0377-0427(87)90125-7> and <doi:10.1002/9780470316801> C. Alok. (2010).

Descriptive Statistics is essential for publishing articles. This package can perform descriptive statistics according to different data types. If the data is a continuous variable, the mean and standard deviation or median and quartiles are automatically output; if the data is a categorical variable, the number and percentage are automatically output. In addition, if you enter two variables in this package, the two variables will be described and their relationships will be tested automatically according to their data types. For example, if one of the two input variables is a categorical variable, another variable will be described hierarchically based on the categorical variable and the statistical differences between different groups will be compared using appropriate statistical methods. And for groups of more than two, the post hoc test will be applied. For more information on the methods we used, please see the following references: Libiseller, C. and Grimvall, A. (2002) <doi:10.1002/env.507>, Patefield, W. M. (1981) <doi:10.2307/2346669>, Hope, A. C. A. (1968) <doi:10.1111/J.2517-6161.1968.TB00759.X>, Mehta, C. R. and Patel, N. R. (1983) <doi:10.1080/01621459.1983.10477989>, Mehta, C. R. and Patel, N. R. (1986) <doi:10.1145/6497.214326>, Clarkson, D. B., Fan, Y. and Joe, H. (1993) <doi:10.1145/168173.168412>, Cochran, W. G. (1954) <doi:10.2307/3001616>, Armitage, P. (1955) <doi:10.2307/3001775>, Szabo, A. (2016) <doi:10.1080/00031305.2017.1407823>, David, F. B. (1972) <doi:10.1080/01621459.1972.10481279>, Joanes, D. N. and Gill, C. A. (1998) <doi:10.1111/1467-9884.00122>, Dunn, O. J. (1964) <doi:10.1080/00401706.1964.10490181>, Copenhaver, M. D. and Holland, B. S. (1988) <doi:10.1080/00949658808811082>, Chambers, J. M., Freeny, A. and Heiberger, R. M. (1992) <doi:10.1201/9780203738535-5>, Shaffer, J. P. (1995) <doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.003021>, Myles, H. and Douglas, A. W. (1973) <doi:10.2307/2063815>, Rahman, M. and Tiwari, R. (2012) <doi:10.4236/health.2012.410139>, Thode, H. J. (2002) <doi:10.1201/9780203910894>, Jonckheere, A. R. (1954) <doi:10.2307/2333011>, Terpstra, T. J. (1952) <doi:10.1016/S1385-7258(52)50043-X>.

The data that is generated from independent and consecutive GillespieSSA runs for a generic biochemical network is formatted as rows and constitutes an observation. The first column of each row is the computed timestep for each run. Subsequent columns are used for the number of molecules of each participating molecular species or "metabolite" of a generic biochemical network. In this way TemporalGSSA', is a wrapper for the R-package GillespieSSA'. The number of observations must be at least 30. This will generate data that is statistically significant. TemporalGSSA', transforms this raw data into a simulation time-dependent and metabolite-specific trial. Each such trial is defined as a set of linear models (n >= 30) between a timestep and number of molecules for a metabolite. Each linear model is characterized by coefficients such as the slope, arbitrary constant, etc. The user must enter an integer from 1-4. These specify the statistical modality utilized to compute a representative timestep (mean, median, random, all). These arguments are mandatory and will be checked. Whilst, the numeric indicator "0" indicates suitability, "1" prompts the user to revise and re-enter their data. An optional logical argument controls the output to the console with the default being "TRUE" (curtailed) whilst "FALSE" (verbose). The coefficients of each linear model are averaged (mean slope, mean constant) and are incorporated into a metabolite-specific linear regression model as the dependent variable. The independent variable is the representative timestep chosen previously. The generated data is the imputed molecule number for an in silico experiment with (n >=30) observations. These steps can be replicated with multiple set of observations. The generated "technical replicates" can be statistically evaluated (mean, standard deviation) and will constitute simulation time-dependent molecules for each metabolite. For SSA-generated datasets with varying simulation times TemporalGSSA will generate a simulation time-dependent trajectory for each metabolite of the biochemical network under study. The relevant publication with the mathematical derivation of the algorithm is (2022, Journal of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology) <doi:10.1142/S0219720022500184>. The algorithm has been deployed in the following publications (2021, Heliyon) <doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07466> and (2016, Journal of Theoretical Biology) <doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.07.002>.

The main goal of the R package treeDbalance is to provide functions for the computation of several measurements of 3D node imbalance and their respective 3D tree imbalance indices, as well as to introduce the new phylo3D format for rooted 3D tree objects. Moreover, it encompasses an example dataset of 3D models of 63 beans in phylo3D format. Please note that this R package was developed alongside the project described in the manuscript Measuring 3D tree imbalance of plant models using graph-theoretical approaches by M. Fischer, S. Kersting, and L. Kühn (2023) <doi:10.48550/arXiv.2307.14537>, which provides precise mathematical definitions of the measurements. Furthermore, the package contains several helpful functions, for example, some auxiliary functions for computing the ancestors, descendants, and depths of the nodes, which ensures that the computations can be done in linear time, or functions that convert existing formats of 3D tree models of other software into the phylo3D format. Moreover, it comprises functions to extract the graph-theoretical topology without vertices of in- and out-degree 1 of rooted 3D trees as well as to adapt node enumerations to the common phylo format. Most functions of treeDbalance require as input a rooted tree in the phylo3D format, an extended phylo format (as introduced in the R package ape 1.9 in November 2006). Such a phylo3D object must have at least two new attributes next to those required by the phylo format: node.coord', the coordinates of the nodes, as well as edge.weight', the literal weight or volume of the edges. Optional attributes are edge.diam', the diameter of the edges, and edge.length', the length of the edges. For visualization purposes one can also specify edge.type', which ranges from normal cylinder to bud to leaf, as well as edge.color to change the color of the edge depiction. This project was supported by the joint research project DIG-IT! funded by the European Social Fund (ESF), reference: ESF/14-BM-A55-0017/19, and the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany, as well as by the project ArtIGROW, which is a part of the WIR!-Alliance ArtIFARM â Artificial Intelligence in Farming funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (FKZ: 03WIR4805).

Accurate calculation of nucleic acid melting temperature (Tm) is fundamental to many molecular biology applications, and this software scales Tm analysis from individual sequences to genomeâ wide thermodynamic profiling. This package extends Tm analysis from simple sequence level computation to comprehensive genome-wide thermodynamic profiling. It takes four input sources: sequence strings, a FASTA file, an installed BSgenome package named by string, or a GRanges carrying sequences. A regions argument selects what to cover and window and slide set the resolution at which it is tiled. The implementation provides three Tm calculation methods: the Wallace rule (Thein & Wallace, 1986), empirical GCâ content formulas (Marmur, 1962; Schildkraut, 2010; Wetmur, 1991; Untergasser, 2012; von Ahsen, 2001), and nearestâ neighbor thermodynamics (Breslauer, 1986; Sugimoto, 1996; Allawi, 1998; SantaLucia, 2004; Freier, 1986; Xia, 1998; Chen, 2012; Bommarito, 2000; Turner, 2010; Sugimoto, 1995; Allawi, 1997; SantaLucia, 2005; Zuber, 2022; Ghosh, 2020, 2023). Nearest-neighbor parameter sets are provided for DNA, RNA and RNA/DNA hybrid duplexes. These include sets obtained by melting-temperature optimization that are fitted directly at a stated sodium concentration (Weber, 2015; Ferreira, 2019; Basilio Barbosa, 2019; Banerjee, 2020), which replace salt correction rather than being corrected; salt correction is skipped automatically when the requested condition matches the one a set was fitted at. The Zuber (2022) set additionally replaces the single terminal-AU penalty with end terms that depend on the penultimate base pair, applied automatically at both duplex ends. Parameter sets measured under molecular crowding (Ghosh, 2020, 2023) are also provided for DNA and RNA duplexes, so that duplex stability can be evaluated under cell-like rather than dilute-solution conditions. Corrections are otherwise supported for salt ions (SantaLucia, 1996, 1998; Owczarzy, 2004, 2008) and for chemical conditions such as dimethyl sulfoxide and formamide. A compiled C++ core, and task partitioning by region across BiocParallel workers through a BPPARAM argument, profile the human genome in 3 minutes on a six-core laptop. This package returns result as a GRanges object for interoperability with Bioconductor workflows and downstream multi-omics analyses. Data-level integration reconciles Tm windows with external multi-omics GRanges objects through overlap, nearest-feature, windowed-count, and binned-average strategies, returning a single unified GRanges object ready for downstream analysis. Visualization-level integration renders multiple feature layers as independent concentric tracks on a shared genomic axis, each retaining its native coordinate resolution. Group comparison supports Wilcoxon rank-sum and Student's t-tests with multiple available correction methods for contrasting Tm and other features across region classes.

Crop production systems are increasingly challenged by climate variability, resource limitations, and bioticâ abiotic stresses. In this context, stress tolerance indices and physiological trait estimators are essential tools to identify stable and superior genotypes, quantify yield stability under stress versus non-stress conditions, and understand plant adaptive responses. The PhysioIndexR package provides a unified framework to compute commonly used stress indices, physiological traits, and derived metrics that are critical in crop improvement, crop physiology, and other agricultural sciences. The package includes functions to calculate classical stress tolerance indices (See Lamba et al., 2023; <doi:10.1038/s41598-023-37634-8>) such as Tolerance (TOL), Stress Tolerance Index (STI), Stress Susceptibility Percentage Index (SSPI), Yield Index (YI), Yield Stability Index (YSI), Relative Stress Index (RSI), Mean Productivity (MP), Geometric Mean Productivity (GMP), Harmonic Mean (HM), Mean Relative Performance (MRP), and Percent Yield Reduction (PYR), along with a convenience wrapper all_indices() that returns all indices simultaneously. The function mfvst_from_indices() integrates these indices into a composite stress score using direction-aware membership values (0â 1 scaling) and also averaging, facilitating genotype ranking and selection (See Vinu et al., 2025; <doi:10.1007/s12355-025-01595-1>). The package also implements two novel composite functions: WMFVST(), which computes the Weighted Mean Membership Function Value for Stress Tolerance, and WASI(), which computes the Weighted Average Stress Index, both derived from membership function values (MFV) and raw stress index values, respectively. Beyond stress indices, the package provides functions for key physiological traits relevant to sugarcane and other crops: bmap() computes biomass accumulation and partitioning between leaf, cane/shoot, and root fractions. chl() estimates total chlorophyll content from Soil-Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) and Chlorophyll Content Index (CCI) values using validated quadratic models particularly for sugarcane (See Krishnapriya et al., 2020; <doi:10.37580/JSR.2019.2.9.150-163>). ctd() calculates canopy temperature depression (CTD) from ambient and canopy temperatures, an important indicator of transpiration efficiency. growth() computes key growth analysis parameters, including Leaf Area Index (LAI), Net Assimilation Rate (NAR), and Crop Growth Rate (CGR) across crop growth stages (See Watson, 1958; <doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a083596>). ranking() provides flexible ranking utilities for genotype performance with multiple tie-handling and NA-placement options. Through these tools, the package enables researchers to: (i) quantify crop responses to stress environments, (ii) partition physiological components of yield, (iii) integrate multiple indices into composite metrics for genotype evaluation, and (iv) facilitate informed decision making in breeding pipelines, and plant physiology experiments. By combining physiology-based traits with quantitative stress indices, PhysioIndexR supports comprehensive crop evaluation and helps researchers identify multi-stress-resilient superior genotypes, thereby contributing to genetic improvement and ensuring sustainable production of food, fuel, and fibre in the era of limited resources and climate change.

Various databases of microRNA Targets.

Electrical properties of resistor networks using matrix methods.

Rspec-core provides the RSpec test runner and example groups.