Reconstruction of paleoclimate niches using phylogenetic comparative methods and projection reconstructed niches onto paleoclimate maps. The user can specify various models of trait evolution or estimate the best fit model, include fossils, use one or multiple phylogenies for inference, and make animations of shifting suitable habitat through time. This model was first used in Lawing and Polly (2011), and further implemented in Lawing et al (2016) and Rivera et al (2020). Lawing and Polly (2011) <doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028554> "Pleistocene climate, phylogeny and climate envelope models: An integrative approach to better understand species response to climate change" Lawing et al (2016) <doi:10.1086/687202> "Including fossils in phylogenetic climate reconstructions: A deep time perspective on the climatic niche evolution and diversification of spiny lizards (Sceloporus)" Rivera et al (2020) <doi:10.1111/jbi.13915> "Reconstructing historical shifts in suitable habitat of Sceloporus lineages using phylogenetic niche modelling.".

Time series area-level models for small area estimation. The package supplements the functionality of the sae package. Specifically, it includes EBLUP fitting of the Rao-Yu model in the original form without a spatial component. The package also offers a modified ("dynamic") version of the Rao-Yu model, replacing the assumption of stationarity. Both univariate and multivariate applications are supported. Of particular note is the allowance for covariance of the area-level sample estimates over time, as encountered in rotating panel designs such as the U.S. National Crime Victimization Survey or present in a time-series of 5-year estimates from the American Community Survey. Key references to the methods include J.N.K. Rao and I. Molina (2015, ISBN:9781118735787), J.N.K. Rao and M. Yu (1994) <doi:10.2307/3315407>, and R.E. Fay and R.A. Herriot (1979) <doi:10.1080/01621459.1979.10482505>.

This package provides a comprehensive toolbox for wavelet-domain quantile analyses of bivariate and multivariate time series. Provides Wavelet Quantile Regression and Multivariate Wavelet Quantile Regression after Adebayo and Ozkan (2024) <doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.140832>, Wavelet Quantile-on-Quantile regression with bootstrap p-values extending Sim and Zhou (2015) <doi:10.1016/j.jbankfin.2015.01.013>, the nonparametric Causality-in-Quantiles test of Balcilar, Gupta and Pierdzioch (2016) <doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2016.04.004> together with its wavelet variant, Wavelet Quantile Mediation and Moderation, Wavelet Quantile Correlation, and a wavelet-based nonparametric Quantile Density estimator. The Maximal Overlap Discrete Wavelet Transform (MODWT) decomposition is performed via waveslim and Short / Medium / Long band aggregation is supported throughout. For plain Quantile-on-Quantile regression see the companion CRAN package QuantileOnQuantile'. All interactive 3D surfaces, heatmaps and contour plots default to the MATLAB Parula colour map.

Machine coded genetic algorithm (MCGA) is a fast tool for real-valued optimization problems. It uses the byte representation of variables rather than real-values. It performs the classical crossover operations (uniform) on these byte representations. Mutation operator is also similar to classical mutation operator, which is to say, it changes a randomly selected byte value of a chromosome by +1 or -1 with probability 1/2. In MCGAs there is no need for encoding-decoding process and the classical operators are directly applicable on real-values. It is fast and can handle a wide range of a search space with high precision. Using a 256-unary alphabet is the main disadvantage of this algorithm but a moderate size population is convenient for many problems. Package also includes multi_mcga function for multi objective optimization problems. This function sorts the chromosomes using their ranks calculated from the non-dominated sorting algorithm.

This package provides tools for exploratory statistical analysis of quantum-hardware calibration time series. The package provides simulators for random telegraph noise (RTN), power-law noise, and Ornstein-Uhlenbeck dephasing; Welch and sine-multitaper power spectral density estimators; a lightweight two-state hidden Markov model for switching signals; cumulative sum (CUSUM) and binary-segmentation diagnostics for calibration drift; residual-quantile interval forecasts; and filter-function calculations for illustrative coherence curves. The package includes a reproducible generator of simulated superconducting-qubit calibration records; it does not retrieve authenticated live provider data. Methodological background is provided by Welch (1967) <doi:10.1109/TAU.1967.1161901>, Thomson (1982) <doi:10.1109/PROC.1982.12433>, Rabiner (1989) <doi:10.1109/5.18626>, Page (1954) <doi:10.1093/biomet/41.1-2.100>, Paladino et al. (2014) <doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.86.361>, and Cywinski et al. (2008) <doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.77.174509>.

Calculate the probability density functions (PDFs) for two threshold evidence accumulation models (EAMs). These are defined using the following Stochastic Differential Equation (SDE), dx(t) = v(x(t),t)*dt+D(x(t),t)*dW, where x(t) is the accumulated evidence at time t, v(x(t),t) is the drift rate, D(x(t),t) is the noise scale, and W is the standard Wiener process. The boundary conditions of this process are the upper and lower decision thresholds, represented by b_u(t) and b_l(t), respectively. Upper threshold b_u(t) > 0, while lower threshold b_l(t) < 0. The initial condition of this process x(0) = z where b_l(t) < z < b_u(t). We represent this as the relative start point w = z/(b_u(0)-b_l(0)), defined as a ratio of the initial threshold location. This package generates the PDF using the same approach as the python package it is based upon, PyBEAM by Murrow and Holmes (2023) <doi:10.3758/s13428-023-02162-w>. First, it converts the SDE model into the forwards Fokker-Planck equation dp(x,t)/dt = d(v(x,t)*p(x,t))/dt-0.5*d^2(D(x,t)^2*p(x,t))/dx^2, then solves this equation using the Crank-Nicolson method to determine p(x,t). Finally, it calculates the flux at the decision thresholds, f_i(t) = 0.5*d(D(x,t)^2*p(x,t))/dx evaluated at x = b_i(t), where i is the relevant decision threshold, either upper (i = u) or lower (i = l). The flux at each thresholds f_i(t) is the PDF for each threshold, specifically its PDF. We discuss further details of this approach in this package and PyBEAM publications. Additionally, one can calculate the cumulative distribution functions of and sampling from the EAMs.

Self-contained marginal maximum likelihood (MML) estimation for unidimensional and multidimensional item response models, including the Rasch / one-parameter logistic, partial credit, rating scale, two-parameter logistic and generalised partial credit models, with latent regression, multiple groups and case weights. A parallelised, dimension-factorised streaming estimation engine supports large between-item (simple-structure) multidimensional models with bounded memory and an opt-in controlled-accuracy quadrature mode that reports a measured approximation error. A usability layer serves non-specialists and automated pipelines: one-stop estimation from common file formats ('Excel', delimited text, SPSS', Stata', SAS') with automatic cleaning and answer-key scoring, pre-estimation data checks, classical item statistics and item fit, plain-language quality ratings, bilingual (English/Chinese) output, spreadsheet exports for item banking and cross-year linking, audience-specific Word'/'HTML reports, and machine-readable results with structured error conditions. Methods follow Adams, Wilson and Wang (1997) <doi:10.1177/0146621697211001>.

Generate systems of ordinary differential equations (ODE) and integrate them, using a domain specific language (DSL). The DSL uses R's syntax, but compiles to C in order to efficiently solve the system. A solver is not provided, but instead interfaces to the packages deSolve and dde are generated. With these, while solving the differential equations, no allocations are done and the calculations remain entirely in compiled code. Alternatively, a model can be transpiled to R for use in contexts where a C compiler is not present. After compilation, models can be inspected to return information about parameters and outputs, or intermediate values after calculations. odin is not targeted at any particular domain and is suitable for any system that can be expressed primarily as mathematical expressions. Additional support is provided for working with delays (delay differential equations, DDE), using interpolated functions during interpolation, and for integrating quantities that represent arrays.

Estimate average treatment effects (ATEs) in stratified randomized experiments. sreg supports a wide range of stratification designs, including matched pairs, n-tuple designs, and larger strata with many units â possibly of unequal size across strata. sreg is designed to accommodate scenarios with multiple treatments and cluster-level treatment assignments, and accommodates optimal linear covariate adjustment based on baseline observable characteristics. sreg computes estimators and standard errors based on Bugni, Canay, Shaikh (2018) <doi:10.1080/01621459.2017.1375934>; Bugni, Canay, Shaikh, Tabord-Meehan (2024+) <doi:10.48550/arXiv.2204.08356>; Jiang, Linton, Tang, Zhang (2023+) <doi:10.48550/arXiv.2201.13004>; Bai, Jiang, Romano, Shaikh, and Zhang (2024) <doi:10.1016/j.jeconom.2024.105740>; Bai (2022) <doi:10.1257/aer.20201856>; Bai, Romano, and Shaikh (2022) <doi:10.1080/01621459.2021.1883437>; Liu (2024+) <doi:10.48550/arXiv.2301.09016>; and Cytrynbaum (2024) <doi:10.3982/QE2475>.

Four global value chain (GVC) decompositions of gross exports from inter-country input-output tables are implemented. The Leontief decomposition derives the value added origin of exports by country and industry, as in Hummels, Ishii and Yi (2001) <doi:10.1016/S0022-1996(00)00093-3>. The Koopman, Wang and Wei (2014) <doi:10.1257/aer.104.2.459> decomposition splits country-level exports into 9 value added components, and the Wang, Wei and Zhu (2013) <doi:10.3386/w19677> decomposition splits bilateral exports into 16 value added components. The Borin and Mancini (2019) <doi:10.1596/1813-9450-8804> decomposition splits country-, sector- or bilateral-level exports into up to 13 value added and GVC components, and also provides a corrected version of the (biased) Koopman-Wang-Wei decomposition. It is the recommended method and reproduces the icio command for Stata described in Belotti, Borin and Mancini (2021) <doi:10.1177/1536867X211045573>.

Facilitates nonresponse bias analysis (NRBA) for survey data. Such data may arise from a complex sampling design with features such as stratification, clustering, or unequal probabilities of selection. Multiple types of analyses may be conducted: comparisons of response rates across subgroups; comparisons of estimates before and after weighting adjustments; comparisons of sample-based estimates to external population totals; tests of systematic differences in covariate means between respondents and full samples; tests of independence between response status and covariates; and modeling of outcomes and response status as a function of covariates. Extensive documentation and references are provided for each type of analysis. Krenzke, Van de Kerckhove, and Mohadjer (2005) <http://www.asasrms.org/Proceedings/y2005/files/JSM2005-000572.pdf> and Lohr and Riddles (2016) <https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/pub/12-001-x/2016002/article/14677-eng.pdf?st=q7PyNsGR> provide an overview of the methods implemented in this package.

Conduct a noncompartmental analysis with industrial strength. Some features are 1) CDISC SDTM terms 2) Automatic or manual slope selection 3) Supporting both linear-up linear-down and linear-up log-down method 4) Interval(partial) AUCs with linear or log interpolation method 5) Produce pdf, rtf, text report files. 6) Produce Installation and Operational Qualification (IQ/OQ) reports in pdf. After installation, qualify the package in your own environment: run pdfIQ() for Installation Qualification and pdfOQ() for Operational Qualification. Run writeMD5() once after installation so the IQ file-integrity check passes. To approve a report, sign it digitally in Adobe Acrobat Reader (generate with sigField=TRUE, or run addSigField(), to add click-to-sign fields), instead of printing and scanning; or use signPDF()/verifyPDF() for a scriptable signature. * Reference: Gabrielsson J, Weiner D. Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Data Analysis - Concepts and Applications. 5th ed. 2016. (ISBN:9198299107).

In practice, we will encounter problems where the longitudinal performance of processes needs to be monitored over time. Dynamic screening systems (DySS) are methods that aim to identify and give signals to processes with poor performance as early as possible. This package is designed to implement dynamic screening systems and the related methods. References: Qiu, P. and Xiang, D. (2014) <doi:10.1080/00401706.2013.822423>; Qiu, P. and Xiang, D. (2015) <doi:10.1002/sim.6477>; Li, J. and Qiu, P. (2016) <doi:10.1080/0740817X.2016.1146423>; Li, J. and Qiu, P. (2017) <doi:10.1002/qre.2160>; You, L. and Qiu, P. (2019) <doi:10.1080/00949655.2018.1552273>; Qiu, P., Xia, Z., and You, L. (2020) <doi:10.1080/00401706.2019.1604434>; You, L., Qiu, A., Huang, B., and Qiu, P. (2020) <doi:10.1002/bimj.201900127>; You, L. and Qiu, P. (2021) <doi:10.1080/00224065.2020.1767006>.

Computes the penalized maximum likelihood estimates of factor loadings and unique variances for various tuning parameters. The pathwise coordinate descent along with EM algorithm is used. This package also includes a graphical tool which outputs path diagrams, heatmaps, goodness-of-fit indices and model selection criteria for each regularization parameter (Yamamoto, M., Hirose, K. and Nagata, H., 2017 <doi:10.1007/s41237-016-0007-3>). The user can change the regularization parameter interactively with a built-in self-contained HTML viewer (no additional packages required), which is helpful to find a suitable value of regularization parameter. As a penalty, we can choose either the minimax concave penalty (Hirose, K. and Yamamoto, M., 2015 <doi:10.1007/s11222-014-9458-0>; Hirose, K. and Yamamoto, M., 2014 <doi:10.1016/j.csda.2014.05.011>) or the product-based elastic net penalty (Hirose, K. and Terada, Y., 2023 <doi:10.1007/s11336-022-09868-4>).

Imbalanced domain learning has almost exclusively focused on solving classification tasks, where the objective is to predict cases labelled with a rare class accurately. Such a well-defined approach for regression tasks lacked due to two main factors. First, standard regression tasks assume that each value is equally important to the user. Second, standard evaluation metrics focus on assessing the performance of the model on the most common cases. This package contains methods to tackle imbalanced domain learning problems in regression tasks, where the objective is to predict extreme (rare) values. The methods contained in this package are: 1) an automatic and non-parametric method to obtain such relevance functions; 2) visualisation tools; 3) suite of evaluation measures for optimisation/validation processes; 4) the squared-error relevance area measure, an evaluation metric tailored for imbalanced regression tasks. More information can be found in Ribeiro and Moniz (2020) <doi:10.1007/s10994-020-05900-9>.

This package provides a set of model-assisted survey estimators and corresponding variance estimators for single stage, unequal probability, without replacement sampling designs. All of the estimators can be written as a generalized regression estimator with the Horvitz-Thompson, ratio, post-stratified, and regression estimators summarized by Sarndal et al. (1992, ISBN:978-0-387-40620-6). Two of the estimators employ a statistical learning model as the assisting model: the elastic net regression estimator, which is an extension of the lasso regression estimator given by McConville et al. (2017) <doi:10.1093/jssam/smw041>, and the regression tree estimator described in McConville and Toth (2017) <arXiv:1712.05708>. The variance estimators which approximate the joint inclusion probabilities can be found in Berger and Tille (2009) <doi:10.1016/S0169-7161(08)00002-3> and the bootstrap variance estimator is presented in Mashreghi et al. (2016) <doi:10.1214/16-SS113>.

The general principle relies on calculating the cumulative signal of nascent RNA sequencing over the gene body of any given gene or transcription unit. tepr can identify transcription attenuation sites by comparing profile to a null model which assumes uniform read density over the entirety of the transcription unit. It can also identify increased or diminished transcription attenuation by comparing two conditions. Besides rigorous statistical testing and high sensitivity, a major feature of tepr is its ability to provide the elongation pattern of each individual gene, including the position of the main attenuation point when such a phenomenon occurs. Using tepr', users can visualize and refine genome-wide aggregated analyses of elongation patterns to robustly identify effects specific to subsets of genes. These metrics are suitable for internal comparisons (between genes in each condition) and for studying elongation of the same gene in different conditions or comparing it to a perfect theoretical uniform elongation.

Estimates RxC transfer matrices from aggregated marginal data using a two-stage (GME+IPF; Generalized Maximum Entropy and Iterative Proportional Fitting) information-theoretic approach within a two-step (global+local) estimation procedure. The resulting matrices are consistent with observed row and column marginals across collections of subtables (e.g. precincts, polling stations, or districts). References: Golan, A., Judge, G., & Miller, D. (1996). Maximum Entropy Econometrics: Robust Estimation with Limited Data. Wiley. Judge, G., Miller, D.J., & Cho, W.K.T. (2004). "An information theoretic approach to ecological estimation and inference". In G. King, O. Rosen, & M. A. Tanner (Eds.), Ecological Inference: New Methodological Strategies (pp. 162â 187). Cambridge University Press. Mittelhammer, R., Judge, G., & Miller, D. (2000). Econometric Foundations. Cambridge University Press. Pavia, J.M. (2023) <doi:10.1007/s43545-023-00658-y> Acknowledgements: The author wish to thank Conselleria de Economia, Hacienda y Administracion Publica (grant CIACIO/2023/031) for supporting this research.

Read FPOD and CPOD data into R directly from the FPOD data files (i.e. .CP1, .CP3, .FP1 and .FP3 files). The FPOD data files contain binary data, so they can't trivially be read into R using the usual approach, e.g. fread() or read.csv(). This package decodes the binary data and imports all the data in one go (i.e. header/metadata, clicks, KERNO classifications, environmental data and pseudo-WAV data). It is then trivial to aggregate data as you please, e.g. detection-positive-minutes per time block. The advantage of handling data processing in R is a long topic, but suffice it to say that it 1) simplifies things (many fewer steps, as different vars have to be exported in multiple goes in the official FPOD app), and more importantly, 2) makes data processing transparent and reproducible. References: Pirotta et al. 2014 <doi:10.1111/1365-2435.12146>.

Spline regression, generalized additive models and component-wise gradient boosting utilizing geometrically designed (GeD) splines. GeDS regression is a non-parametric method inspired by geometric principles, for fitting spline regression models with variable knots in one or two independent variables. It efficiently estimates the number of knots and their positions, as well as the spline order, assuming the response variable follows a distribution from the exponential family. GeDS models integrate the broader category of generalized (non-)linear models, offering a flexible approach to model complex relationships. A description of the method can be found in Kaishev et al. (2016) <doi:10.1007/s00180-015-0621-7> and Dimitrova et al. (2023) <doi:10.1016/j.amc.2022.127493>. Further extending its capabilities, GeDS's implementation includes generalized additive models (GAM) and functional gradient boosting (FGB), enabling versatile multivariate predictor modeling, as discussed in the forthcoming work of Dimitrova et al. (2026).

This package provides a unified framework for symbolic regression (SR) and multi-view symbolic regression (MvSR) designed for complex, nonlinear systems, with particular applicability to ecological datasets. The package implements a four-stage workflow: data subset generation, functional form discovery, numerical parameter optimization, and multi-objective evaluation. It provides a high-level formula-style interface that abstracts and extends multiple discovery engines: genetic programming (via PySR), Reinforcement Learning with Monte Carlo Tree Search (via RSRM), and exhaustive generalized linear model search. leaf extends these methods by enabling multi-view discovery, where functional structures are shared across groups while parameters are fitted locally, and by supporting the enforcement of domain-specific constraints, such as sign consistency across groups. The framework automatically handles data normalization, link functions, and back-transformation, ensuring that discovered symbolic equations remain interpretable and valid on the original data scale. Implements methods following ongoing work by the authors (2026, in preparation).

Provide the core functionality to transform longitudinal data to complex-time (kime) data using analytic and numerical techniques, visualize the original time-series and reconstructed kime-surfaces, perform model based (e.g., tensor-linear regression) and model-free classification and clustering methods in the book Dinov, ID and Velev, MV. (2021) "Data Science: Time Complexity, Inferential Uncertainty, and Spacekime Analytics", De Gruyter STEM Series, ISBN 978-3-11-069780-3. <https://www.degruyter.com/view/title/576646>. The package includes 18 core functions which can be separated into three groups. 1) draw longitudinal data, such as Functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI) time-series, and forecast or transform the time-series data. 2) simulate real-valued time-series data, e.g., fMRI time-courses, detect the activated areas, report the corresponding p-values, and visualize the p-values in the 3D brain space. 3) Laplace transform and kimesurface reconstructions of the fMRI data.

Dynamic CUR (dCUR) boosts the CUR decomposition (Mahoney MW., Drineas P. (2009) <doi:10.1073/pnas.0803205106>) varying the k, the number of columns and rows used, and its final purposes to help find the stage, which minimizes the relative error to reduce matrix dimension. The goal of CUR Decomposition is to give a better interpretation of the matrix decomposition employing proper variable selection in the data matrix, in a way that yields a simplified structure. Its origins come from analysis in genetics. The goal of this package is to show an alternative to variable selection (columns) or individuals (rows). The idea proposed consists of adjusting the probability distributions to the leverage scores and selecting the best columns and rows that minimize the reconstruction error of the matrix approximation ||A-CUR||. It also includes a method that recalibrates the relative importance of the leverage scores according to an external variable of the user's interest.

GPU'/CPU Benchmarking on Debian-package based systems This package benchmarks performance of a few standard linear algebra operations (such as a matrix product and QR, SVD and LU decompositions) across a number of different BLAS libraries as well as a GPU implementation. To do so, it takes advantage of the ability to plug and play different BLAS implementations easily on a Debian and/or Ubuntu system. The current version supports - Reference BLAS ('refblas') which are un-accelerated as a baseline - Atlas which are tuned but typically configure single-threaded - Atlas39 which are tuned and configured for multi-threaded mode - Goto Blas which are accelerated and multi-threaded - Intel MKL which is a commercial accelerated and multithreaded version. As for GPU computing, we use the CRAN package - gputools For Goto Blas', the gotoblas2-helper script from the ISM in Tokyo can be used. For Intel MKL we use the Revolution R packages from Ubuntu 9.10.