Measures morphological diversity from discrete character data and estimates evolutionary tempo on phylogenetic trees. Imports morphological data from #NEXUS (Maddison et al. (1997) <doi:10.1093/sysbio/46.4.590>) format with read_nexus_matrix(), and writes to both #NEXUS and TNT format (Goloboff et al. (2008) <doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00217.x>). Main functions are test_rates(), which implements AIC and likelihood ratio tests for discrete character rates introduced across Lloyd et al. (2012) <doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01460.x>, Brusatte et al. (2014) <doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.08.034>, Close et al. (2015) <doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.047>, and Lloyd (2016) <doi:10.1111/bij.12746>, and calculate_morphological_distances(), which implements multiple discrete character distance metrics from Gower (1971) <doi:10.2307/2528823>, Wills (1998) <doi:10.1006/bijl.1998.0255>, Lloyd (2016) <doi:10.1111/bij.12746>, and Hopkins and St John (2018) <doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.1784>. This also includes the GED correction from Lehmann et al. (2019) <doi:10.1111/pala.12430>. Multiple functions implement morphospace plots: plot_chronophylomorphospace() implements Sakamoto and Ruta (2012) <doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039752>, plot_morphospace() implements Wills et al. (1994) <doi:10.1017/S009483730001263X>, plot_changes_on_tree() implements Wang and Lloyd (2016) <doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.0214>, and plot_morphospace_stack() implements Foote (1993) <doi:10.1017/S0094837300015864>. Other functions include safe_taxonomic_reduction(), which implements Wilkinson (1995) <doi:10.1093/sysbio/44.4.501>, map_dollo_changes() implements the Dollo stochastic character mapping of Tarver et al. (2018) <doi:10.1093/gbe/evy096>, and estimate_ancestral_states() implements the ancestral state options of Lloyd (2018) <doi:10.1111/pala.12380>. calculate_tree_length() and reconstruct_ancestral_states() implements the generalised algorithms from Swofford and Maddison (1992; no doi).

This package provides a comprehensive set of functions providing frequentist methods for network meta-analysis (Balduzzi et al., 2023) <doi:10.18637/jss.v106.i02> and supporting Schwarzer et al. (2015) <doi:10.1007/978-3-319-21416-0>, Chapter 8 "Network Meta-Analysis": - frequentist network meta-analysis following Rücker (2012) <doi:10.1002/jrsm.1058>; - additive network meta-analysis for combinations of treatments (Rücker et al., 2020) <doi:10.1002/bimj.201800167>; - network meta-analysis of binary data using the Mantel-Haenszel or non-central hypergeometric distribution method (Efthimiou et al., 2019) <doi:10.1002/sim.8158>, or penalised logistic regression (Evrenoglou et al., 2022) <doi:10.1002/sim.9562>; - rankograms and ranking of treatments by the Surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) (Salanti et al., 2013) <doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.03.016>; - ranking of treatments using P-scores (frequentist analogue of SUCRAs without resampling) according to Rücker & Schwarzer (2015) <doi:10.1186/s12874-015-0060-8>; - split direct and indirect evidence to check consistency (Dias et al., 2010) <doi:10.1002/sim.3767>, (Efthimiou et al., 2019) <doi:10.1002/sim.8158>; - league table with network meta-analysis results; - comparison-adjusted funnel plot (Chaimani & Salanti, 2012) <doi:10.1002/jrsm.57>; - net heat plot and design-based decomposition of Cochran's Q according to Krahn et al. (2013) <doi:10.1186/1471-2288-13-35>; - measures characterizing the flow of evidence between two treatments by König et al. (2013) <doi:10.1002/sim.6001>; - automated drawing of network graphs described in Rücker & Schwarzer (2016) <doi:10.1002/jrsm.1143>; - partial order of treatment rankings ('poset') and Hasse diagram for poset (Carlsen & Bruggemann, 2014) <doi:10.1002/cem.2569>; (Rücker & Schwarzer, 2017) <doi:10.1002/jrsm.1270>; - contribution matrix as described in Papakonstantinou et al. (2018) <doi:10.12688/f1000research.14770.3> and Davies et al. (2022) <doi:10.1002/sim.9346>; - network meta-regression with a single continuous or binary covariate; - subgroup network meta-analysis.

This package provides a robust implementation of Topolow algorithm. It embeds objects into a low-dimensional Euclidean space from a matrix of pairwise dissimilarities, even when the data do not satisfy metric or Euclidean axioms. The package is particularly well-suited for sparse, incomplete, and censored (thresholded) datasets such as antigenic relationships. The core is a physics-inspired, gradient-free optimization framework that models objects as particles in a physical system, where observed dissimilarities define spring rest lengths and unobserved pairs exert repulsive forces. The package also provides functions specific to antigenic mapping to transform cross-reactivity and binding affinity measurements into accurate spatial representations in a phenotype space. Key features include: * Robust Embedding from Sparse Data: Effectively creates complete and consistent maps (in optimal dimensions) even with high proportions of missing data (e.g., >95%). * Physics-Inspired Optimization: Models objects (e.g., antigens, landmarks) as particles connected by springs (for measured dissimilarities) and subject to repulsive forces (for missing dissimilarities), and simulates the physical system using laws of mechanics, reducing the need for complex gradient computations. * Automatic Dimensionality Detection: Employs a likelihood-based approach to determine the optimal number of dimensions for the embedding/map, avoiding distortions common in methods with fixed low dimensions. * Noise and Bias Reduction: Naturally mitigates experimental noise and bias through its network-based, error-dampening mechanism. * Antigenic Velocity Calculation (for antigenic data): Introduces and quantifies "antigenic velocity," a vector that describes the rate and direction of antigenic drift for each pathogen isolate. This can help identify cluster transitions and potential lineage replacements. * Broad Applicability: Analyzes data from various objects that their dissimilarity may be of interest, ranging from complex biological measurements such as continuous and relational phenotypes, antibody-antigen interactions, and protein folding to abstract concepts, such as customer perception of different brands. Methods are described in the context of bioinformatics applications in Arhami and Rohani (2025a) <doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btaf372>, and mathematical proofs and Euclidean embedding details are in Arhami and Rohani (2025b) <doi:10.48550/arXiv.2508.01733>.

Analyzing the performance of artificial intelligence (AI) systems/algorithms characterized by a search-and-report strategy. Historically observer performance has dealt with measuring radiologists performances in search tasks, e.g., searching for lesions in medical images and reporting them, but the implicit location information has been ignored. The implemented methods apply to analyzing the absolute and relative performances of AI systems, comparing AI performance to a group of human readers or optimizing the reporting threshold of an AI system. In addition to performing historical receiver operating receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis (localization information ignored), the software also performs free-response receiver operating characteristic (FROC) analysis, where lesion localization information is used. A book using the software has been published: Chakraborty DP: Observer Performance Methods for Diagnostic Imaging - Foundations, Modeling, and Applications with R-Based Examples, Taylor-Francis LLC; 2017: <https://www.routledge.com/Observer-Performance-Methods-for-Diagnostic-Imaging-Foundations-Modeling/Chakraborty/p/book/9781482214840>. Online updates to this book, which use the software, are at <https://dpc10ster.github.io/RJafrocQuickStart/>, <https://dpc10ster.github.io/RJafrocRocBook/> and at <https://dpc10ster.github.io/RJafrocFrocBook/>. Supported data collection paradigms are the ROC, FROC and the location ROC (LROC). ROC data consists of single ratings per images, where a rating is the perceived confidence level that the image is that of a diseased patient. An ROC curve is a plot of true positive fraction vs. false positive fraction. FROC data consists of a variable number (zero or more) of mark-rating pairs per image, where a mark is the location of a reported suspicious region and the rating is the confidence level that it is a real lesion. LROC data consists of a rating and a location of the most suspicious region, for every image. Four models of observer performance, and curve-fitting software, are implemented: the binormal model (BM), the contaminated binormal model (CBM), the correlated contaminated binormal model (CORCBM), and the radiological search model (RSM). Unlike the binormal model, CBM, CORCBM and RSM predict proper ROC curves that do not inappropriately cross the chance diagonal. Additionally, RSM parameters are related to search performance (not measured in conventional ROC analysis) and classification performance. Search performance refers to finding lesions, i.e., true positives, while simultaneously not finding false positive locations. Classification performance measures the ability to distinguish between true and false positive locations. Knowing these separate performances allows principled optimization of reader or AI system performance. This package supersedes Windows JAFROC (jackknife alternative FROC) software V4.2.1, <https://github.com/dpc10ster/WindowsJafroc>. Package functions are organized as follows. Data file related function names are preceded by Df', curve fitting functions by Fit', included data sets by dataset', plotting functions by Plot', significance testing functions by St', sample size related functions by Ss', data simulation functions by Simulate and utility functions by Util'. Implemented are figures of merit (FOMs) for quantifying performance and functions for visualizing empirical or fitted operating characteristics: e.g., ROC, FROC, alternative FROC (AFROC) and weighted AFROC (wAFROC) curves. For fully crossed study designs significance testing of reader-averaged FOM differences between modalities is implemented via either Dorfman-Berbaum-Metz or the Obuchowski-Rockette methods. Also implemented is single treatment analysis, which allows comparison of performance of a group of radiologists to a specified value, or comparison of AI to a group of radiologists interpreting the same cases. Crossed-modality analysis is implemented wherein there are two crossed treatment factors and the aim is to determined performance in each treatment factor averaged over all levels of the second factor. Sample size estimation tools are provided for ROC and FROC studies; these use estimates of the relevant variances from a pilot study to predict required numbers of readers and cases in a pivotal study to achieve the desired power. Utility and data file manipulation functions allow data to be read in any of the currently used input formats, including Excel, and the results of the analysis can be viewed in text or Excel output files. The methods are illustrated with several included datasets from the author's collaborations. This update includes improvements to the code, some as a result of user-reported bugs and new feature requests, and others discovered during ongoing testing and code simplification.

Flexible multidimensional scaling (MDS) methods and extensions to the package smacof'. This package contains various functions, wrappers, methods and classes for fitting, plotting and displaying a large number of different flexible MDS models. These are: Torgerson scaling (Torgerson, 1958, ISBN:978-0471879459) with powers, Sammon mapping (Sammon, 1969, <doi:10.1109/T-C.1969.222678>) with ratio and interval optimal scaling, Multiscale MDS (Ramsay, 1977, <doi:10.1007/BF02294052>) with ratio and interval optimal scaling, s-stress MDS (ALSCAL; Takane, Young & De Leeuw, 1977, <doi:10.1007/BF02293745>) with ratio and interval optimal scaling, elastic scaling (McGee, 1966, <doi:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1966.tb00367.x>) with ratio and interval optimal scaling, r-stress MDS (De Leeuw, Groenen & Mair, 2016, <https://rpubs.com/deleeuw/142619>) with ratio, interval, splines and nonmetric optimal scaling, power-stress MDS (POST-MDS; Buja & Swayne, 2002 <doi:10.1007/s00357-001-0031-0>) with ratio and interval optimal scaling, restricted power-stress (Rusch, Mair & Hornik, 2021, <doi:10.1080/10618600.2020.1869027>) with ratio and interval optimal scaling, approximate power-stress with ratio optimal scaling (Rusch, Mair & Hornik, 2021, <doi:10.1080/10618600.2020.1869027>), Box-Cox MDS (Chen & Buja, 2013, <https://jmlr.org/papers/v14/chen13a.html>), local MDS (Chen & Buja, 2009, <doi:10.1198/jasa.2009.0111>), curvilinear component analysis (Demartines & Herault, 1997, <doi:10.1109/72.554199>), curvilinear distance analysis (Lee, Lendasse & Verleysen, 2004, <doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2004.01.007>), nonlinear MDS with optimal dissimilarity powers functions (De Leeuw, 2024, <https://github.com/deleeuw/smacofManual/blob/main/smacofPO(power)/smacofPO.pdf>), sparsified (power) MDS and sparsified multidimensional (power) distance analysis aka extended curvilinear (power) component analysis and extended curvilinear (power) distance analysis (Rusch, 2024, <doi:10.57938/355bf835-ddb7-42f4-8b85-129799fc240e>). Some functions are suitably flexible to allow any other sensible combination of explicit power transformations for weights, distances and input proximities with implicit ratio, interval, splines or nonmetric optimal scaling of the input proximities. Most functions use a Majorization-Minimization algorithm. Currently the methods are only available for one-mode two-way data (symmetric dissimilarity matrices).

This package performs variable selection based on subsampling, ranking forward selection. Details of the method are published in Lihui Liu, Hong Gu, Johan Van Limbergen, Toby Kenney (2020) SuRF: A new method for sparse variable selection, with application in microbiome data analysis Statistics in Medicine 40 897-919 <doi:10.1002/sim.8809>. Xo is the matrix of predictor variables. y is the response variable. Currently only binary responses using logistic regression are supported. X is a matrix of additional predictors which should be scaled to have sum 1 prior to analysis. fold is the number of folds for cross-validation. Alpha is the parameter for the elastic net method used in the subsampling procedure: the default value of 1 corresponds to LASSO. prop is the proportion of variables to remove in the each subsample. weights indicates whether observations should be weighted by class size. When the class sizes are unbalanced, weighting observations can improve results. B is the number of subsamples to use for ranking the variables. C is the number of permutations to use for estimating the critical value of the null distribution. If the doParallel package is installed, the function can be run in parallel by setting ncores to the number of threads to use. If the default value of 1 is used, or if the doParallel package is not installed, the function does not run in parallel. display.progress indicates whether the function should display messages indicating its progress. family is a family variable for the glm() fitting. Note that the glmnet package does not permit the use of nonstandard link functions, so will always use the default link function. However, the glm() fitting will use the specified link. The default is binomial with logistic regression, because this is a common use case. pval is the p-value for inclusion of a variable in the model. Under the null case, the number of false positives will be geometrically distributed with this as probability of success, so if this parameter is set to p, the expected number of false positives should be p/(1-p).

This R package introduces Weighted Mean SHapley Additive exPlanations (WMSHAP), an innovative method for calculating SHAP values for a grid of fine-tuned base-learner machine learning models as well as stacked ensembles, a method not previously available due to the common reliance on single best-performing models. By integrating the weighted mean SHAP values from individual base-learners comprising the ensemble or individual base-learners in a tuning grid search, the package weights SHAP contributions according to each model's performance, assessed by multiple either R squared (for both regression and classification models). alternatively, this software also offers weighting SHAP values based on the area under the precision-recall curve (AUCPR), the area under the curve (AUC), and F2 measures for binary classifiers. It further extends this framework to implement weighted confidence intervals for weighted mean SHAP values, offering a more comprehensive and robust feature importance evaluation over a grid of machine learning models, instead of solely computing SHAP values for the best model. This methodology is particularly beneficial for addressing the severe class imbalance (class rarity) problem by providing a transparent, generalized measure of feature importance that mitigates the risk of reporting SHAP values for an overfitted or biased model and maintains robustness under severe class imbalance, where there is no universal criteria of identifying the absolute best model. Furthermore, the package implements hypothesis testing to ascertain the statistical significance of SHAP values for individual features, as well as comparative significance testing of SHAP contributions between features. Additionally, it tackles a critical gap in feature selection literature by presenting criteria for the automatic feature selection of the most important features across a grid of models or stacked ensembles, eliminating the need for arbitrary determination of the number of top features to be extracted. This utility is invaluable for researchers analyzing feature significance, particularly within severely imbalanced outcomes where conventional methods fall short. Moreover, it is also expected to report democratic feature importance across a grid of models, resulting in a more comprehensive and generalizable feature selection. The package further implements a novel method for visualizing SHAP values both at subject level and feature level as well as a plot for feature selection based on the weighted mean SHAP ratios.

This package implements a suite of semiparametric and nonparametric kernel-smoothed estimation and testing procedures for continuous mark-specific stratified hazard ratio (treatment/placebo) models in a randomized treatment efficacy trial with a time-to-event endpoint. Semiparametric methods, allowing multivariate marks, are described in Juraska M and Gilbert PB (2013), Mark-specific hazard ratio model with multivariate continuous marks: an application to vaccine efficacy. Biometrics 69(2):328-337 <doi:10.1111/biom.12016>, and in Juraska M and Gilbert PB (2016), Mark-specific hazard ratio model with missing multivariate marks. Lifetime Data Analysis 22(4):606-25 <doi:10.1007/s10985-015-9353-9>. Nonparametric kernel-smoothed methods, allowing univariate marks only, are described in Sun Y and Gilbert PB (2012), Estimation of stratified markâ specific proportional hazards models with missing marks. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics

An engine to facilitate the orchestration and execution of metadata-driven data management workflows, in compliance with FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data management principles. By means of a pivot metadata model, relying on the DublinCore standard (<https://dublincore.org/>), a unique source of metadata can be used to operate multiple and inter-connected data management actions. Users can also customise their own workflows by creating specific actions but the library comes with a set of native actions targeting common geographic information and data management, in particular actions oriented to the publication on the web of metadata and data resources to provide standard discovery and access services. At first, default actions of the library were meant to focus on providing turn-key actions for geospatial (meta)data: 1) by creating manage geospatial (meta)data complying with ISO/TC211 (<https://committee.iso.org/home/tc211>) and OGC (<https://www.ogc.org/standards/>) geographic information standards (eg 19115/19119/19110/19139) and related best practices (eg. INSPIRE'); and 2) by facilitating extraction, reading and publishing of standard geospatial (meta)data within widely used software that compound a Spatial Data Infrastructure ('SDI'), including spatial databases (eg. PostGIS'), metadata catalogues (eg. GeoNetwork', CSW servers), data servers (eg. GeoServer'). The library was then extended to actions for other domains: 1) biodiversity (meta)data standard management including handling of EML metadata, and their management with DataOne servers, 2) in situ sensors, remote sensing and model outputs (meta)data standard management by handling part of CF conventions, NetCDF data format and OPeNDAP access protocol, and their management with Thredds servers, 3) generic / domain agnostic (meta)data standard managers ('DublinCore', DataCite'), to facilitate the publication of data within (meta)data repositories such as Zenodo (<https://zenodo.org>) or DataVerse (<https://dataverse.org/>). The execution of several actions will then allow to cross-reference (meta)data resources in each action performed, offering a way to bind resources between each other (eg. reference Zenodo DOI in GeoNetwork'/'GeoServer metadata, or vice versa reference GeoNetwork'/'GeoServer links in Zenodo or EML metadata). The use of standardized configuration files ('JSON or YAML formats) allow fully reproducible workflows to facilitate the work of data and information managers.

Many methods are developed to deal with two major statistical problems: image segmentation and nonparametric estimation in various regression models. Image segmentation is nowadays gaining a lot of attention from various scientific subfields. Especially, image segmentation has been popular in medical research such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analysis. When a patient suffers from some brain diseases such as dementia and Parkinson's disease, those diseases can be easily diagnosed in brain MRI: the area affected by those diseases is brightly expressed in MRI, which is called a white lesion. For the purpose of medical research, locating and segment those white lesions in MRI is a critical issue; it can be done manually. However, manual segmentation is very expensive in that it is error-prone and demands a huge amount of time. Therefore, supervised machine learning has emerged as an alternative solution. Despite its powerful performance in a classification problem such as hand-written digits, supervised machine learning has not shown the same satisfactory result in MRI analysis. Setting aside all issues of the supervised machine learning, it exposed a critical problem when employed for MRI analysis: it requires time-consuming data labeling. Thus, there is a strong demand for an unsupervised approach, and this package - based on Hira L. Koul (1986) <DOI:10.1214/aos/1176350059> - proposes an efficient method for simple image segmentation - here, "simple" means that an image is black-and-white - which can easily be applied to MRI analysis. This package includes a function GetSegImage(): when a black-and-white image is given as an input, GetSegImage() separates an area of white pixels - which corresponds to a white lesion in MRI - from the given image. For the second problem, consider linear regression model and autoregressive model of order q where errors in the linear regression model and innovations in the autoregression model are independent and symmetrically distributed. Hira L. Koul (1986) <DOI:10.1214/aos/1176350059> proposed a nonparametric minimum distance estimation method by minimizing L2-type distance between certain weighted residual empirical processes. He also proposed a simpler version of the loss function by using symmetry of the integrating measure in the distance. Kim (2018) <DOI:10.1080/00949655.2017.1392527> proposed a fast computational method which enables practitioners to compute the minimum distance estimator of the vector of general multiple regression parameters for several integrating measures. This package contains three functions: KoulLrMde(), KoulArMde(), and Koul2StageMde(). The former two provide minimum distance estimators for linear regression model and autoregression model, respectively, where both are based on Koul's method. These two functions take much less time for the computation than those based on parametric minimum distance estimation methods. Koul2StageMde() provides estimators for regression and autoregressive coefficients of linear regression model with autoregressive errors through minimum distant method of two stages. The new version is written in Rcpp and dramatically reduces computational time.

tools for building book.

External jars required for package RKEA.

Various databases of microRNA Targets.

Administrative regions and other spatial objects of the Czech Republic.

Three-step regression and inference for cellwise and casewise contamination.

Bootstrap, permutation tests, and jackknife, featuring easy-to-use syntax.

Tests linear regressions for significance reversal through leave-one(multiple)-out.

Client for Rserve, allowing to connect to Rserve instances and issue commands.

RRBS data set comprising 12 samples with simulated differentially methylated regions (DMRs).

This package provides C and C++ HDF5 libraries for use in R packages.

This package provides a generic infrastructure for creating and using R package registries.

This package provides tools to fit and simulate realizations from relational event models.

Client for accessing data journalism APIs from ProPublica <http://www.propublica.org/>.

An R interface to estimate structured additive regression (STAR) models with BayesX'.