The Hypothesis tests for the means of independent or paired groups. This package investigates the normality assumption automatically. Then, it tests the hypothesis tests for two independent or paired group means by using parametric or non-parametric tests. It uses the Shapiro-Wilk test to test the normality assumption. For independent two groups, If data comes from the normal distribution, the package uses the Z or t-test according to whether variances are known. For paired groups, it uses paired t-test under normal data sets. If data does not come from the normal distribution, the package uses the Wilcoxon test for independent and paired cases.

Integration of Earth system data from various sources is a challenging task. Except for their qualitative heterogeneity, different data records exist for describing similar Earth system process at different spatio-temporal scales. Data inter-comparison and validation are usually performed at a single spatial or temporal scale, which could hamper the identification of potential discrepancies in other scales. csa package offers a simple, yet efficient, graphical method for synthesizing and comparing observed and modelled data across a range of spatio-temporal scales. Instead of focusing at specific scales, such as annual means or original grid resolution, we examine how their statistical properties change across spatio-temporal continuum.

Finite element modeling of beam structures and 2D geometries using constant strain triangles. Applies material properties and boundary conditions (load and constraint) to generate a finite element model. The model produces stress, strain, and nodal displacements; a heat map is available to demonstrate regions where output variables are high or low. Also provides options for creating a triangular mesh of 2D geometries. Package developed with reference to: Bathe, K. J. (1996). Finite Element Procedures.[ISBN 978-0-9790049-5-7] -- Seshu, P. (2012). Textbook of Finite Element Analysis. [ISBN-978-81-203-2315-5] -- Mustapha, K. B. (2018). Finite Element Computations in Mechanics with R. [ISBN 9781315144474].

When the values of the outcome variable Y are either 0 or 1, the function lsm() calculates the estimation of the log likelihood in the saturated model. This model is characterized by Llinas (2006, ISSN:2389-8976) in section 2.3 through the assumptions 1 and 2. The function LogLik() works (almost perfectly) when the number of independent variables K is high, but for small K it calculates wrong values in some cases. For this reason, when Y is dichotomous and the data are grouped in J populations, it is recommended to use the function lsm() because it works very well for all K.

This package provides a few major genes and a series of polygene are responsive for each quantitative trait. Major genes are individually identified while polygene is collectively detected. This is mixed major genes plus polygene inheritance analysis or segregation analysis (SEA). In the SEA, phenotypes from a single or multiple bi-parental segregation populations along with their parents are used to fit all the possible models and the best model of the trait for population phenotypic distributions is viewed as the model of the trait. There are fourteen types of population combinations available. Zhang Yuan-Ming, Gai Jun-Yi, Yang Yong-Hua (2003, <doi:10.1017/S0016672303006141>).

General framework to organize data, methods, and results used in reproducible scientific analyses. A TAF analysis consists of four scripts (data.R, model.R, output.R, report.R) that are run sequentially. Each script starts by reading files from a previous step and ends with writing out files for the next step. Convenience functions are provided to version control the required data and software, run analyses, clean residues from previous runs, manage files, manipulate tables, and produce figures. With a focus on stability and reproducible analyses, the TAF package comes with no dependencies. TAF forms a base layer for the icesTAF package and other scientific applications.

This package uses segmented copy number data to estimate tumor cell percentage and produce copy number plots displaying absolute copy numbers. For this it uses segmented data from the QDNAseq package, which in turn uses a number of dependencies to turn mapped reads into segmented data. ACE will run QDNAseq or use its output rds-file of segmented data. It will subsequently run through all samples in the object(s), for which it will create individual subdirectories. For each sample, it will calculate how well the segments fit (the relative error) to integer copy numbers for each percentage of tumor cells (cells with divergent segments).

This package provides functions for cognitive diagnosis modeling and multidimensional item response modeling for dichotomous and polytomous item responses. It enables the estimation of the DINA and DINO model, the multiple group (polytomous) GDINA model, the multiple choice DINA model, the general diagnostic model (GDM), the structured latent class model (SLCA), and regularized latent class analysis. See George, Robitzsch, Kiefer, Gross, and Uenlue (2017) doi:10.18637/jss.v074.i02 for further details on estimation and the package structure. For tutorials on how to use the CDM package see George and Robitzsch (2015, doi:10.20982/tqmp.11.3.p189) as well as Ravand and Robitzsch (2015).

This package provides a set of tests for compositional pathologies. Tests for coherence of correlations with aIc.coherent() as suggested by (Erb et al. (2020) <doi:10.1016/j.acags.2020.100026>), compositional dominance of distance with aIc.dominant(), compositional perturbation invariance with aIc.perturb() as suggested by (Aitchison (1992) <doi:10.1007/BF00891269>) and singularity of the covariation matrix with aIc.singular(). Currently tests five data transformations: prop, clr, TMM, TMMwsp, and RLE from the R packages ALDEx2', edgeR and DESeq2 (Fernandes et al (2014) <doi:10.1186/2049-2618-2-15>, Anders et al. (2013)<doi:10.1038/nprot.2013.099>).

Reproducibility assessment is essential in extracting reliable scientific insights from high-throughput experiments. While the Irreproducibility Discovery Rate (IDR) method has been instrumental in assessing reproducibility, its standard implementation is constrained to handling only two replicates. Package eCV introduces an enhanced Coefficient of Variation (eCV) metric to assess the likelihood of omic features being reproducible. Additionally, it offers alternatives to the Irreproducible Discovery Rate (IDR) calculations for multi-replicate experiments. These tools are valuable for analyzing high-throughput data in genomics and other omics fields. The methods implemented in eCV are described in Gonzalez-Reymundez et al., (2023) <doi:10.1101/2023.12.18.572208>.

This package provides a consistent representation of year-based time scales as a numeric vector with an associated era'. There are built-in era definitions for many year numbering systems used in contemporary and historic calendars (e.g. Common Era, Islamic Hijri years); year-based time scales used in archaeology, astronomy, geology, and other palaeosciences (e.g. Before Present, SI-prefixed annus'); and support for arbitrary user-defined eras. Years can converted from any one era to another using a generalised transformation function. Methods are also provided for robust casting and coercion between years and other numeric types, type-stable arithmetic with years, and pretty-printing in tables.

In medical research, supervised heterogeneity analysis has important implications. Assume that there are two types of features. Using both types of features, our goal is to conduct the first supervised heterogeneity analysis that satisfies a hierarchical structure. That is, the first type of features defines a rough structure, and the second type defines a nested and more refined structure. A penalization approach is developed, which has been motivated by but differs significantly from penalized fusion and sparse group penalization. Reference: Ren, M., Zhang, Q., Zhang, S., Zhong, T., Huang, J. & Ma, S. (2022). "Hierarchical cancer heterogeneity analysis based on histopathological imaging features". Biometrics, <doi:10.1111/biom.13426>.

In a typical experiment for the intuitive judgment of frequencies (JoF) different stimuli with different frequencies are presented. The participants consider these stimuli with a constant duration and give a judgment of frequency. These judgments can be simulated by formal models: PASS 1 and PASS 2 based on Sedlmeier (2002, ISBN:978-0198508632), MINERVA 2 baesd on Hintzman (1984) <doi:10.3758/BF03202365> and TODAM 2 based on Murdock, Smith & Bai (2001) <doi:10.1006/jmps.2000.1339>. The package provides an assessment of the frequency by determining the core aspects of these four models (attention, decay, and presented frequency) that can be compared to empirical results.

This package provides a financial calculator that provides very fast implementations of common financial indicators using Rust code. It includes functions for bond-related indicators, such as yield to maturity ('YTM'), modified duration, and Macaulay duration, as well as functions for calculating time-weighted and money-weighted rates of return (using Modified Dietz method) for multiple portfolios, given their market values and profit and loss ('PnL') data. fcl is designed to be efficient and accurate for financial analysis and computation. The methods used in this package are based on the following references: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modified_Dietz_method>, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-weighted_return>.

Oak declines are complex disease syndromes and consist of many visual indicators that include aspects of tree size, crown condition and trunk condition. This can cause difficulty in the manual classification of symptomatic and non-symptomatic trees from what is in reality a broad spectrum of oak tree health condition. Two phenotypic oak decline indexes have been developed to quantitatively describe and differentiate oak decline syndromes in Quercus robur. This package provides a toolkit to generate these decline indexes from phenotypic descriptors using the machine learning algorithm random forest. The methodology for generating these indexes is outlined in Finch et al. (2121) <doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2021.118948>.

This package provides tools to easily access and analyze Canadian Election Study data. The package simplifies the process of downloading, cleaning, and using CES datasets for political science research and analysis. The Canadian Election Study ('CES') has been conducted during federal elections since 1965, surveying Canadians on their political preferences, engagement, and demographics. Data is accessed from multiple sources including the Borealis Data repository <https://borealisdata.ca/> and the official Canadian Election Study website <https://ces-eec.arts.ubc.ca/>. This package is not officially affiliated with the Canadian Election Study, Borealis Data, or the University of British Columbia, and users should cite the original data sources in their work.

This package provides a collection of several utility functions related to binary incomplete block designs. Contains function to generate A- and D-efficient binary incomplete block designs with given numbers of treatments, number of blocks and block size. Contains function to generate an incomplete block design with specified concurrence matrix. There are functions to generate balanced treatment incomplete block designs and incomplete block designs for test versus control treatments comparisons with specified concurrence matrix. Allows performing analysis of variance of data and computing estimated marginal means of factors from experiments using a connected incomplete block design. Tests of hypothesis of treatment contrasts in incomplete block design set up is supported.

Several functions for maximum likelihood estimation of various univariate and multivariate distributions. The list includes more than 100 functions for univariate continuous and discrete distributions, distributions that lie on the real line, the positive line, interval restricted, circular distributions. Further, multivariate continuous and discrete distributions, distributions for compositional and directional data, etc. Some references include Johnson N. L., Kotz S. and Balakrishnan N. (1994). "Continuous Univariate Distributions, Volume 1" <ISBN:978-0-471-58495-7>, Johnson, Norman L. Kemp, Adrianne W. Kotz, Samuel (2005). "Univariate Discrete Distributions". <ISBN:978-0-471-71580-1> and Mardia, K. V. and Jupp, P. E. (2000). "Directional Statistics". <ISBN:978-0-471-95333-3>.

Implementation of the Open Perimetry Interface (OPI) for simulating and controlling visual field machines using R. The OPI is a standard for interfacing with visual field testing machines (perimeters) first started as an open source project with support of Haag-Streit in 2010. It specifies basic functions that allow many visual field tests to be constructed. As of February 2022 it is fully implemented on the Haag-Streit Octopus 900 and CrewT ImoVifa ('Topcon Tempo') with partial implementations on the Centervue Compass, Kowa AP 7000 and Android phones. It also has a cousin: the R package visualFields', which has tools for analysing and manipulating visual field data.

Adversarial random forests (ARFs) recursively partition data into fully factorized leaves, where features are jointly independent. The procedure is iterative, with alternating rounds of generation and discrimination. Data becomes increasingly realistic at each round, until original and synthetic samples can no longer be reliably distinguished. This is useful for several unsupervised learning tasks, such as density estimation and data synthesis. Methods for both are implemented in this package. ARFs naturally handle unstructured data with mixed continuous and categorical covariates. They inherit many of the benefits of random forests, including speed, flexibility, and solid performance with default parameters. For details, see Watson et al. (2023) <https://proceedings.mlr.press/v206/watson23a.html>.

The outcome of XCMS data processing strongly depends on the parameter settings. IPO (`Isotopologue Parameter Optimization`) is a parameter optimization tool that is applicable for different kinds of samples and liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry devices, fast and free of labeling steps. IPO uses natural, stable 13C isotopes to calculate a peak picking score. Retention time correction is optimized by minimizing the relative retention time differences within features and grouping parameters are optimized by maximizing the number of features showing exactly one peak from each injection of a pooled sample. The different parameter settings are achieved by design of experiment. The resulting scores are evaluated using response surface models.

The Directed Prediction Index ('DPI') is a quasi-causal inference (causal discovery) method for observational data designed to quantify the relative endogeneity (relative dependence) of outcome (Y) versus predictor (X) variables in regression models. By comparing the proportion of variance explained (R-squared) between the Y-as-outcome model and the X-as-outcome model while controlling for a sufficient number of possible confounders, it can suggest a plausible (admissible) direction of influence from a less endogenous variable (X) to a more endogenous variable (Y). Methodological details are provided at <https://psychbruce.github.io/DPI/>. This package also includes functions for data simulation and network analysis (correlation, partial correlation, and Bayesian networks).

NeuroAnatomy Toolbox (nat) enables analysis and visualisation of 3D biological image data, especially traced neurons. Reads and writes 3D images in NRRD and Amira AmiraMesh formats and reads surfaces in Amira hxsurf format. Traced neurons can be imported from and written to SWC and Amira LineSet and SkeletonGraph formats. These data can then be visualised in 3D via rgl', manipulated including applying calculated registrations, e.g. using the CMTK registration suite, and analysed. There is also a simple representation for neurons that have been subjected to 3D skeletonisation but not formally traced; this allows morphological comparison between neurons including searches and clustering (via the nat.nblast extension package).