Read depth data from genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) or restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) are imported and used to make Bayesian probability estimates of genotypes in polyploids or diploids. The genotype probabilities, posterior mean genotypes, or most probable genotypes can then be exported for downstream analysis. polyRAD is described by Clark et al. (2019) <doi:10.1534/g3.118.200913>, and the Hind/He statistic for marker filtering is described by Clark et al. (2022) <doi:10.1186/s12859-022-04635-9>. A variant calling pipeline for highly duplicated genomes is also included and is described by Clark et al. (2020, Version 1) <doi:10.1101/2020.01.11.902890>.

Evaluates moments of ratios (and products) of quadratic forms in normal variables, specifically using recursive algorithms developed by Bao and Kan (2013) <doi:10.1016/j.jmva.2013.03.002> and Hillier et al. (2014) <doi:10.1017/S0266466613000364>. Also provides distribution, quantile, and probability density functions of simple ratios of quadratic forms in normal variables with several algorithms. Originally developed as a supplement to Watanabe (2023) <doi:10.1007/s00285-023-01930-8> for evaluating average evolvability measures in evolutionary quantitative genetics, but can be used for a broader class of statistics. Generating functions for these moments are also closely related to the top-order zonal and invariant polynomials of matrix arguments.

Calculates the number of four-taxon subtrees consistent with a pair of cladograms, calculating the symmetric quartet distance of Bandelt & Dress (1986), Reconstructing the shape of a tree from observed dissimilarity data, Advances in Applied Mathematics <doi:10.1016/0196-8858(86)90038-2>, using the tqDist algorithm of Sand et al. (2014), tqDist: a library for computing the quartet and triplet distances between binary or general trees, Bioinformatics <doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btu157> for pairs of binary trees; calculating the rooted triplet distance using the CPDT algorithm of Jansson & Rajaby (2017), A more practical algorithm for the rooted triplet distance, Journal of Computational Biology <doi:10.1089/cmb.2016.0185>.

Fits time trend models for routine disease surveillance tasks and returns probability distributions for a variety of quantities of interest, including age-standardized rates, period and cumulative percent change, and measures of health inequality. The models are appropriate for count data such as disease incidence and mortality data, employing a Poisson or binomial likelihood and the first-difference (random-walk) prior for unknown risk. Optionally add a covariance matrix for multiple, correlated time series models. Inference is completed using Markov chain Monte Carlo via the Stan modeling language. References: Donegan, Hughes, and Lee (2022) <doi:10.2196/34589>; Stan Development Team (2021) <https://mc-stan.org>; Theil (1972, ISBN:0-444-10378-3).

This package implements tools for the anytime-valid sequential comparison of two or more probabilistic forecasters. Provides binary, categorical, and quantile scoring rules, together with finite-sample confidence sequences and e-processes following Choe and Ramdas (2024) <doi:10.1287/opre.2021.0792>. Extends to multi-model evaluation via Sequential Model Confidence Sets, following Arnold, Gavrilopoulos, Schulz, and Ziegel (2026) <doi:10.1093/jrsssb/qkag066>, using closure principles, joint confidence sequences, and accelerated closed-testing. Adaptive betting fractions for the strong null (aGRAPA and ONS-m) are adapted from Waudby-Smith and Ramdas (2024) <doi:10.1093/jrsssb/qkad009>. Also includes Winkler-score comparisons, lag handling, and predictable-bound betting e-processes.

Computes confidence intervals for binomial or Poisson rates and their differences or ratios. Including the rate (or risk) difference ('RD') or rate ratio (or relative risk, RR') for binomial proportions or Poisson rates, and odds ratio ('OR', binomial only). Also confidence intervals for RD, RR or OR for paired binomial data, and estimation of a proportion from clustered binomial data. Includes skewness-corrected asymptotic score ('SCAS') methods, which have been developed in Laud (2017) <doi:10.1002/pst.1813> from Miettinen and Nurminen (1985) <doi:10.1002/sim.4780040211> and Gart and Nam (1988) <doi:10.2307/2531848>, and in Laud (2026, under review) for paired proportions. In each case, the same score produces hypothesis tests that are improved versions of the non-inferiority test for binomial RD and RR by Farrington and Manning (1990) <doi:10.1002/sim.4780091208>, or a generalisation of the McNemar test for paired data. The package also includes MOVER methods (Method Of Variance Estimates Recovery) for all contrasts, derived from the Newcombe method but with options to use equal-tailed intervals in place of the Wilson score method, and generalised for Bayesian applications incorporating prior information. So-called exact methods for strictly conservative coverage are approximated using continuity adjustments, and the amount of adjustment can be selected to avoid over-conservative coverage. Also includes methods for stratified calculations (e.g. meta-analysis), either with fixed effect assumption (matching the CMH test) or incorporating stratum heterogeneity.

This package provides a RangedSummarizedExperiment object of read counts in genes for a time course RNA-Seq experiment of fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) in response to oxidative stress (1M sorbitol treatment) at 0, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 180 mins. The samples are further divided between a wild-type group and a group with deletion of atf21. The read count matrix was prepared and provided by the author of the study: Leong HS, Dawson K, Wirth C, Li Y, Connolly Y, Smith DL, Wilkinson CR, Miller CJ. "A global non-coding RNA system modulates fission yeast protein levels in response to stress". Nat Commun 2014 May 23;5:3947. PMID: 24853205. GEO: GSE56761.

Differential expression analysis is commonly used to study diverse biological datasets. The reproducibility-optimized test statistic (ROTS) (Elo et al., 2008, <doi:10.1109/tcbb.2007.1078>) uses a modified t-statistic to prioritise features that differ between two or more groups. However, the ROTS Bioconductor implementation (Suomi et al., 2017, <doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005562>) did not accommodate technical or biological covariates. LimROTS (Anwar et al., 2025, <doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btaf570>) addressed this limitation by combining a reproducibility-optimized test statistic with the limma empirical Bayes approach (Ritchie et al., 2015, <doi:10.1093/nar/gkv007>). This enables the analysis of more complex experimental designs and the incorporation of covariates.

This package provides a recent method proposed by Yi and Chen (2023) <doi:10.1177/09622802221146308> is used to estimate the average treatment effects using noisy data containing both measurement error and spurious variables. The package AteMeVs contains a set of functions that provide a step-by-step estimation procedure, including the correction of the measurement error effects, variable selection for building the model used to estimate the propensity scores, and estimation of the average treatment effects. The functions contain multiple options for users to implement, including different ways to correct for the measurement error effects, distinct choices of penalty functions to do variable selection, and various regression models to characterize propensity scores.

Assigns standardized diagnoses using the Banff Classification (Category 1 to 6 diagnoses, including Acute and Chronic active T-cell mediated rejection as well as Active, Chronic active, and Chronic antibody mediated rejection). The main function considers a minimal dataset containing biopsies information in a specific format (described by a data dictionary), verifies its content and format (based on the data dictionary), assigns diagnoses, and creates a summary report. The package is developed on the reference guide to the Banff classification of renal allograft pathology Roufosse C, Simmonds N, Clahsen-van Groningen M, et al. A (2018) <doi:10.1097/TP.0000000000002366>. The full description of the Banff classification is available at <https://banfffoundation.org/>.

Multiple comparison techniques are typically applied following an F test from an ANOVA to decide which means are significantly different from one another. As an alternative to traditional methods, cluster analysis can be performed to group the means of different treatments into non-overlapping clusters. Treatments in different groups are considered statistically different. Several approaches have been proposed, with varying clustering methods and cut-off criteria. This package implements cluster-based multiple comparisons tests and also provides a visual representation in the form of a dendrogram. Di Rienzo, J. A., Guzman, A. W., & Casanoves, F. (2002) <jstor.org/stable/1400690>. Bautista, M. G., Smith, D. W., & Steiner, R. L. (1997) <doi:10.2307/1400402>.

This package implements a flexible, versatile, and computationally tractable model for density regression based on a single-weights dependent Dirichlet process mixture of normal distributions model for univariate continuous responses. The model assumes an additive structure for the mean of each mixture component and the effects of continuous covariates are captured through smooth nonlinear functions. The key components of our modelling approach are penalised B-splines and their bivariate tensor product extension. The proposed method can also easily deal with parametric effects of categorical covariates, linear effects of continuous covariates, interactions between categorical and/or continuous covariates, varying coefficient terms, and random effects. Please see Rodriguez-Alvarez, Inacio et al. (2025) for more details.

Independent component analysis based on distance correlation, including a robust variant using the bowl transformation. The package provides user-facing implementations of distance covariance and distance correlation, including memory-efficient blockwise computations for large data sets. It includes a sequential ICA estimator based on minimizing distance correlation, as well as tools for analyzing serial dependence via distance autocorrelation, dependograms, and permutation-based tests. In addition, it provides functions for testing serial dependence based on distance correlation and the Hilbertâ Schmidt independence criterion. The methodology is related to Matteson and Tsay (2017) <doi:10.1080/01621459.2016.1150851> and to the robust framework of Leyder et al. (2026) <doi:10.1007/s11634-026-00674-9>.

Generating, evaluating, and selecting initialization strategies for Gaussian Mixture Models (GMMs), along with functions to run the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm. Initialization methods are compared using log-likelihood, and the best-fitting model can be selected using BIC. Methods build on initialization strategies for finite mixture models described in Michael and Melnykov (2016) <doi:10.1007/s11634-016-0264-8> and Biernacki et al. (2003) <doi:10.1016/S0167-9473(02)00163-9>, and on the EM algorithm of Dempster et al. (1977) <doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1977.tb01600.x>. Background on model-based clustering includes Fraley and Raftery (2002) <doi:10.1198/016214502760047131> and McLachlan and Peel (2000, ISBN:9780471006268).

Graphical tools and goodness-of-fit tests for right-censored data: 1. Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Cramér-von Mises, and Anderson-Darling tests, which use the empirical distribution function for complete data and are extended for right-censored data. 2. Generalized chi-squared-type test, which is based on the squared differences between observed and expected counts using random cells with right-censored data. 3. A series of graphical tools such as probability or cumulative hazard plots to guide the decision about the most suitable parametric model for the data. These functions share several features as they can handle both complete and right-censored data, and they provide parameter estimates for the distributions under study.

Nonparametric unfolding item response theory (IRT) model for dichotomous data (see W.H. Van Schuur (1984). Structure in Political Beliefs: A New Model for Stochastic Unfolding with Application to European Party Activists, and W.J.Post (1992). Nonparametric Unfolding Models: A Latent Structure Approach). The package implements MUDFOLD (Multiple UniDimensional unFOLDing), an iterative item selection algorithm that constructs unfolding scales from dichotomous preferential-choice data without explicitly assuming a parametric form of the item response functions. Scale diagnostics from Post(1992) and estimates for the person locations proposed by Johnson(2006) and Van Schuur(1984) are also available. This model can be seen as the unfolding variant of Mokken(1971) scaling method.

An easy-to-use tool for implementing Neural Ordinary Differential Equations (NODEs) in pharmacometric software such as Monolix', NONMEM', and nlmixr2', see Bräm et al. (2024) <doi:10.1007/s10928-023-09886-4> and Bräm et al. (2025) <doi:10.1002/psp4.13265>. The main functionality is to automatically generate structural model code describing computations within a neural network. Additionally, parameters and software settings can be initialized automatically. For using these additional functionalities with Monolix', pmxNODE interfaces with MonolixSuite via the lixoftConnectors package. The lixoftConnectors package is distributed with MonolixSuite (<https://monolixsuite.slp-software.com/r-functions/2024R1/package-lixoftconnectors>) and is not available from public repositories.

This package implements deterministic classification keys for the World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2022 (4th edition) and the Brazilian System of Soil Classification ('SiBCS', 5th edition). Provides a unified profile representation with explicit per-attribute provenance, multimodal extraction from field reports and photos via vision-language models, spatial priors from SoilGrids and national soil maps, and gap-filling of soil attributes from Vis-NIR or MIR spectra via the Open Soil Spectral Library ('OSSL'). The taxonomic key itself is never delegated to a language model; LLMs are restricted to schema-validated extraction. Each classification result reports a key trace, a provenance-aware evidence grade, and ambiguities that further measurement would resolve.

This package provides SHAP explanations of machine learning models. In applied machine learning, there is a strong belief that we need to strike a balance between interpretability and accuracy. However, in field of the Interpretable Machine Learning, there are more and more new ideas for explaining black-box models. One of the best known method for local explanations is SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) introduced by Lundberg, S., et al., (2016) <arXiv:1705.07874> The SHAP method is used to calculate influences of variables on the particular observation. This method is based on Shapley values, a technique used in game theory. The R package shapper is a port of the Python library shap'.

Unlock the power of large-scale geospatial analysis, quickly generate high-resolution kernel density visualizations, supporting advanced analysis tasks such as bandwidth-tuning and spatiotemporal analysis. Regardless of the size of your dataset, our library delivers efficient and accurate results. Tsz Nam Chan, Leong Hou U, Byron Choi, Jianliang Xu, Reynold Cheng (2023) <doi:10.1145/3555041.3589401>. Tsz Nam Chan, Rui Zang, Pak Lon Ip, Leong Hou U, Jianliang Xu (2023) <doi:10.1145/3555041.3589711>. Tsz Nam Chan, Leong Hou U, Byron Choi, Jianliang Xu (2022) <doi:10.1145/3514221.3517823>. Tsz Nam Chan, Pak Lon Ip, Kaiyan Zhao, Leong Hou U, Byron Choi, Jianliang Xu (2022) <doi:10.14778/3554821.3554855>. Tsz Nam Chan, Pak Lon Ip, Leong Hou U, Byron Choi, Jianliang Xu (2022) <doi:10.14778/3503585.3503591>. Tsz Nam Chan, Pak Lon Ip, Leong Hou U, Byron Choi, Jianliang Xu (2022) <doi:10.14778/3494124.3494135>. Tsz Nam Chan, Pak Lon Ip, Leong Hou U, Weng Hou Tong, Shivansh Mittal, Ye Li, Reynold Cheng (2021) <doi:10.14778/3476311.3476312>. Tsz Nam Chan, Zhe Li, Leong Hou U, Jianliang Xu, Reynold Cheng (2021) <doi:10.14778/3461535.3461540>. Tsz Nam Chan, Reynold Cheng, Man Lung Yiu (2020) <doi:10.1145/3318464.3380561>. Tsz Nam Chan, Leong Hou U, Reynold Cheng, Man Lung Yiu, Shivansh Mittal (2020) <doi:10.1109/TKDE.2020.3018376>. Tsz Nam Chan, Man Lung Yiu, Leong Hou U (2019) <doi:10.1109/ICDE.2019.00055>.

This package implements a Bayesian Optimal Phase II design (DTE-BOP2) for trials with delayed treatment effects, particularly relevant to immunotherapy studies where treatment benefits may emerge after a delay. The method builds upon the BOP2 framework and incorporates uncertainty in the delay timepoint through a truncated gamma prior, informed by expert knowledge or default settings. Supports two-arm trial designs with functionality for sample size determination, interim and final analyses, and comprehensive simulation under various delay and design scenarios. Ensures rigorous type I and II error control while improving trial efficiency and power when the delay effect is present. A manuscript describing the methodology is under development and will be formally referenced upon publication.

Analyses government debt sustainability using the standard debt dynamics framework from Blanchard (1990) <doi:10.1787/budget-v2-art12-en> and the IMF Debt Sustainability Analysis methodology (IMF, 2013) and the Sovereign Risk and Debt Sustainability Framework (IMF, 2022). Projects debt-to-GDP paths, decomposes historical debt changes into interest, growth, and primary balance contributions, and estimates fiscal reaction functions following Bohn (1998) <doi:10.1162/003355398555793>. Produces stochastic fan charts via Monte Carlo simulation, standardised stress tests, and IMF- style heat map risk assessments. Computes S1/S2 sustainability gap indicators used by the European Commission. All methods are pure computation with no external dependencies beyond base R; works with fiscal data from any source.

This package implements species distribution modeling and ecological niche modeling, including: bias correction, spatial cross-validation, model evaluation, raster interpolation, biotic "velocity" (speed and direction of movement of a "mass" represented by a raster), interpolating across a time series of rasters, and use of spatially imprecise records. The heart of the package is a set of "training" functions which automatically optimize model complexity based number of available occurrences. These algorithms include MaxEnt, MaxNet, boosted regression trees/gradient boosting machines, generalized additive models, generalized linear models, natural splines, and random forests. To enhance interoperability with other modeling packages, no new classes are created. The package works with PROJ6 geodetic objects and coordinate reference systems.

This package provides ability to create color palettes from image files. It offers control over the type of color palette to derive from an image (qualitative, sequential or divergent) and other palette properties. Quantiles of an image color distribution can be trimmed. Near-black or near-white colors can be trimmed in RGB color space independent of trimming brightness or saturation distributions in HSV color space. Creating sequential palettes also offers control over the order of HSV color dimensions to sort by. This package differs from other related packages like RImagePalette in approaches to quantizing and extracting colors in images to assemble color palettes and the level of user control over palettes construction.