This package provides a set of functions to select the optimal block-length for a dependent bootstrap (block-bootstrap). Includes the Hall, Horowitz, and Jing (1995) <doi:10.1093/biomet/82.3.561> subsampling-based cross-validation method, the Politis and White (2004) <doi:10.1081/ETC-120028836> Spectral Density Plug-in method, including the Patton, Politis, and White (2009) <doi:10.1080/07474930802459016> correction, and the Lahiri, Furukawa, and Lee (2007) <doi:10.1016/j.stamet.2006.08.002> nonparametric plug-in method, with a corresponding set of S3 plot methods.

Script search, corner, genetic optimization, permutation tests, write expect test.

Tool to perform Bayesian inference of carcass processing/transport strategy and bone attrition from archaeofaunal skeletal profiles characterized by percentages of MAU (Minimum Anatomical Units). The approach is based on a generative model for skeletal profiles that replicates the two phases of formation of any faunal assemblage: initial accumulation as a function of human transport strategies and subsequent attrition.Two parameters define this model: 1) the transport preference (alpha), which can take any value between - 1 (mostly axial contribution) and 1 (mostly appendicular contribution) following strategies constructed as a function of butchering efficiency of different anatomical elements and the results of ethnographic studies, and 2) degree of attrition (beta), which can vary between 0 (no attrition) and 10 (maximum attrition) and relates the survivorship of bone elements to their maximum bone density. Starting from uniform prior probability distribution functions of alpha and beta, a Monte Carlo Markov Chain sampling based on a random walk Metropolis-Hasting algorithm is adopted to derive the posterior probability distribution functions, which are then available for interpretation. During this process, the likelihood of obtaining the observed percentages of MAU given a pair of parameter values is estimated by the inverse of the Chi2 statistic, multiplied by the proportion of elements within a 1 percent of the observed value. See Ana B. Marin-Arroyo, David Ocio (2018).<doi:10.1080/08912963.2017.1336620>.

This package contains tools to fit both predictive and prognostic biomarker effects using biomarker threshold models and continuous threshold models. Evaluate the treatment effect, biomarker effect and treatment-biomarker interaction using probability index measurement. Test for treatment-biomarker interaction using residual bootstrap method.

Bindings to the blowfish password hashing algorithm <https://www.openbsd.org/papers/bcrypt-paper.pdf> derived from the OpenBSD implementation.

Bagging bandwidth selection methods for the Parzen-Rosenblatt and Nadaraya-Watson estimators. These bandwidth selectors can achieve greater statistical precision than their non-bagged counterparts while being computationally fast. See Barreiro-Ures et al. (2020) <doi:10.1093/biomet/asaa092> and Barreiro-Ures et al. (2021) <doi:10.48550/arXiv.2105.04134>.

The core algorithm is described in "Ball mapper: a shape summary for topological data analysis" by Pawel Dlotko, (2019) <arXiv:1901.07410>. Please consult the following youtube video <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M9Dm1nl_zSQfor> the idea of functionality. Ball Mapper provide a topologically accurate summary of a data in a form of an abstract graph. To create it, please provide the coordinates of points (in the points array), values of a function of interest at those points (can be initialized randomly if you do not have it) and the value epsilon which is the radius of the ball in the Ball Mapper construction. It can be understood as the minimal resolution on which we use to create the model of the data.

Collection of tools to make R more convenient. Includes tools to summarize data using statistics not available with base R and manipulate objects for analyses.

Adjusts longitudinal regression models using Bayesian methodology for covariance structures of composite symmetry (SC), autoregressive ones of order 1 AR (1) and autoregressive moving average of order (1,1) ARMA (1,1).

The Bayesian Markov renewal mixed models take sequentially observed categorical data with continuous duration times, being either state duration or inter-state duration. These models comprehensively analyze the stochastic dynamics of both state transitions and duration times under the influence of multiple exogenous factors and random individual effect. The default setting flexibly models the transition probabilities using Dirichlet mixtures and the duration times using gamma mixtures. It also provides the flexibility of modeling the categorical sequences using Bayesian Markov mixed models alone, either ignoring the duration times altogether or dividing duration time into multiples of an additional category in the sequence by a user-specific unit. The package allows extensive inference of the state transition probabilities and the duration times as well as relevant plots and graphs. It also includes a synthetic data set to demonstrate the desired format of input data set and the utility of various functions. Methods for Bayesian Markov renewal mixed models are as described in: Abhra Sarkar et al., (2018) <doi:10.1080/01621459.2018.1423986> and Yutong Wu et al., (2022) <doi:10.1093/biostatistics/kxac050>.

This package contains several Bayesian models for data analysis of psychological tests. A user friendly interface for these models should enable students and researchers to perform professional level Bayesian data analysis without advanced knowledge in programming and Bayesian statistics. This package is based on the Stan platform (Carpenter et el. 2017 <doi:10.18637/jss.v076.i01>).

This package provides a Bayesian smoothing method for post-processing of remote sensing image classification which refines the labelling in a classified image in order to enhance its classification accuracy. Combines pixel-based classification methods with a spatial post-processing method to remove outliers and misclassified pixels.

Bayesian kernel machine regression (from the bkmr package) is a Bayesian semi-parametric generalized linear model approach under identity and probit links. There are a number of functions in this package that extend Bayesian kernel machine regression fits to allow multiple-chain inference and diagnostics, which leverage functions from the future', rstan', and coda packages. Reference: Bobb, J. F., Henn, B. C., Valeri, L., & Coull, B. A. (2018). Statistical software for analyzing the health effects of multiple concurrent exposures via Bayesian kernel machine regression. ; <doi:10.1186/s12940-018-0413-y>.

Tutorials for statistics, aimed at biological scientists. Subjects range from basic descriptive statistics through to complex linear modelling. The tutorials include text, videos, interactive coding exercises and multiple choice quizzes. The package also includes 19 datasets which are used in the tutorials.

This package provides functionality to automatically detect groove locations via a Bayesian changepoint detection method to be used in the data preprocessing step of forensic bullet matching algorithms. The methods in this package are based on those in Stephens (1994) <doi:10.2307/2986119>. Bayesian changepoint detection will simply be an option in the function from the package bulletxtrctr which identifies the groove locations.

Easy-to-use, efficient, flexible and scalable tools for analyzing massive SNP arrays. Privé et al. (2018) <doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bty185>.

Fit and simulate bivariate correlated frailty models with proportional hazard structure. Frailty distributions, such as gamma and lognormal models are supported semiparametric procedures. Frailty variances of the two subjects can be varied or equal. Details on the models are available in book of Wienke (2011,ISBN:978-1-4200-7388-1). Bivariate gamma fit is obtained using the approach given in Kifle et al (2023) <DOI: 10.4310/22-SII738> with modifications. Lognormal fit is based on the approach by Ripatti and Palmgren (2000) <doi:10.1111/j.0006-341X.2000.01016.x>. Frailty distributions, such as gamma, inverse gaussian and power variance frailty models are supported for parametric approach.

An improved multiple testing procedure for controlling false discovery rates which is developed based on the Bonferroni procedure with integrated estimates from the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure and the Storey's q-value procedure. It controls false discovery rates through controlling the expected number of false discoveries.

Bayesian network structure learning, parameter learning and inference. This package implements constraint-based (PC, GS, IAMB, Inter-IAMB, Fast-IAMB, MMPC, Hiton-PC, HPC), pairwise (ARACNE and Chow-Liu), score-based (Hill-Climbing and Tabu Search) and hybrid (MMHC, RSMAX2, H2PC) structure learning algorithms for discrete, Gaussian and conditional Gaussian networks, along with many score functions and conditional independence tests. The Naive Bayes and the Tree-Augmented Naive Bayes (TAN) classifiers are also implemented. Some utility functions (model comparison and manipulation, random data generation, arc orientation testing, simple and advanced plots) are included, as well as support for parameter estimation (maximum likelihood and Bayesian) and inference, conditional probability queries, cross-validation, bootstrap and model averaging. Development snapshots with the latest bugfixes are available from <https://www.bnlearn.com/>.

Implementation of the nonparametric bounds for the average causal effect under an instrumental variable model by Balke and Pearl (Bounds on Treatment Effects from Studies with Imperfect Compliance, JASA, 1997, 92, 439, 1171-1176, <doi:10.2307/2965583>). The package can calculate bounds for a binary outcome, a binary treatment/phenotype, and an instrument with either 2 or 3 categories. The package implements bounds for situations where these 3 variables are measured in the same dataset (trivariate data) or where the outcome and instrument are measured in one study and the treatment/phenotype and instrument are measured in another study (bivariate data).

The Bayesian optimal interval (BOIN) design is a novel phase I clinical trial design for finding the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). It can be used to design both single-agent and drug-combination trials. The BOIN design is motivated by the top priority and concern of clinicians when testing a new drug, which is to effectively treat patients and minimize the chance of exposing them to subtherapeutic or overly toxic doses. The prominent advantage of the BOIN design is that it achieves simplicity and superior performance at the same time. The BOIN design is algorithm-based and can be implemented in a simple way similar to the traditional 3+3 design. The BOIN design yields an average performance that is comparable to that of the continual reassessment method (CRM, one of the best model-based designs) in terms of selecting the MTD, but has a substantially lower risk of assigning patients to subtherapeutic or overly toxic doses. For tutorial, please check Yan et al. (2020) <doi:10.18637/jss.v094.i13>.

This package provides a modern view on the principal component analysis biplot with calibrated axes. Create principal component analysis biplots rendered in HTML with significant reactivity embedded within the plot. Furthermore, the traditional biplot view is enhanced by translated axes with inter-class kernel densities superimposed. For more information on biplots, see Gower, J.C., Lubbe, S. and le Roux, N.J. (2011, ISBN: 978-0-470-01255-0).

Statistical classification and regression have been popular among various fields and stayed in the limelight of scientists of those fields. Examples of the fields include clinical trials where the statistical classification of patients is indispensable to predict the clinical courses of diseases. Considering the negative impact of diseases on performing daily tasks, correctly classifying patients based on the clinical information is vital in that we need to identify patients of the high-risk group to develop a severe state and arrange medical treatment for them at an opportune moment. Deep learning - a part of artificial intelligence - has gained much attention, and research on it burgeons during past decades: see, e.g, Kazemi and Mirroshandel (2018) <DOI:10.1016/j.artmed.2017.12.001>. It is a veritable technique which was originally designed for the classification, and hence, the Buddle package can provide sublime solutions to various challenging classification and regression problems encountered in the clinical trials. The Buddle package is based on the back-propagation algorithm - together with various powerful techniques such as batch normalization and dropout - which performs a multi-layer feed-forward neural network: see Krizhevsky et. al (2017) <DOI:10.1145/3065386>, Schmidhuber (2015) <DOI:10.1016/j.neunet.2014.09.003> and LeCun et al. (1998) <DOI:10.1109/5.726791> for more details. This package contains two main functions: TrainBuddle() and FetchBuddle(). TrainBuddle() builds a feed-forward neural network model and trains the model. FetchBuddle() recalls the trained model which is the output of TrainBuddle(), classifies or regresses given data, and make a final prediction for the data.

Extract, visualize and summarize aerial movements of birds and insects from weather radar data. See Dokter, A. M. et al. (2018) "bioRad: biological analysis and visualization of weather radar data" <doi:10.1111/ecog.04028> for a software paper describing package and methodologies.