Abstract of Manuscript. Differential gene expression analysis using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data is a standard approach for making biological discoveries. Ongoing large-scale efforts to process and normalize publicly available gene expression data enable rapid and systematic reanalysis. While several powerful tools systematically process RNA-seq data, enabling their reanalysis, few resources systematically recompute differentially expressed genes (DEGs) generated from individual studies. We developed a robust differential expression analysis pipeline to recompute 3162 human DEG lists from The Cancer Genome Atlas, Genotype-Tissue Expression Consortium, and 142 studies within the Sequence Read Archive. After measuring the accuracy of the recomputed DEG lists, we built the Differential Expression Enrichment Tool (DEET), which enables users to interact with the recomputed DEG lists. DEET, available through CRAN and RShiny, systematically queries which of the recomputed DEG lists share similar genes, pathways, and TF targets to their own gene lists. DEET identifies relevant studies based on shared results with the userâ s gene lists, aiding in hypothesis generation and data-driven literature review. Sokolowski, Dustin J., et al. "Differential Expression Enrichment Tool (DEET): an interactive atlas of human differential gene expression." Nucleic Acids Research Genomics and Bioinformatics (2023).

Intensive longitudinal data have become increasingly prevalent in various scientific disciplines. Many such data sets are noisy, multivariate, and multi-subject in nature. The change functions may also be continuous, or continuous but interspersed with periods of discontinuities (i.e., showing regime switches). The package dynr (Dynamic Modeling in R) is an R package that implements a set of computationally efficient algorithms for handling a broad class of linear and nonlinear discrete- and continuous-time models with regime-switching properties under the constraint of linear Gaussian measurement functions. The discrete-time models can generally take on the form of a state-space or difference equation model. The continuous-time models are generally expressed as a set of ordinary or stochastic differential equations. All estimation and computations are performed in C, but users are provided with the option to specify the model of interest via a set of simple and easy-to-learn model specification functions in R. Model fitting can be performed using single-subject time series data or multiple-subject longitudinal data. Ou, Hunter, & Chow (2019) <doi:10.32614%2FRJ-2019-012> provided a detailed introduction to the interface and more information on the algorithms.

Genetic predisposition for complex traits is often manifested through multiple tissues of interest at different time points in the development. As an example, the genetic predisposition for obesity could be manifested through inherited variants that control metabolism through regulation of genes expressed in the brain and/or through the control of fat storage in the adipose tissue by dysregulation of genes expressed in adipose tissue. We present a method eGST (eQTL-based genetic subtyper) that integrates tissue-specific eQTLs with GWAS data for a complex trait to probabilistically assign a tissue of interest to the phenotype of each individual in the study. eGST estimates the posterior probability that an individual's phenotype can be assigned to a tissue based on individual-level genotype data of tissue-specific eQTLs and marginal phenotype data in a genome-wide association study (GWAS) cohort. Under a Bayesian framework of mixture model, eGST employs a maximum a posteriori (MAP) expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm to estimate the tissue-specific posterior probability across individuals. Methodology is available from: A Majumdar, C Giambartolomei, N Cai, MK Freund, T Haldar, T Schwarz, J Flint, B Pasaniuc (2019) <doi:10.1101/674226>.

In many studies across different disciplines, detailed measures of the variables of interest are available. If assumptions can be made regarding the direction of effects between the assessed variables, this has to be considered in the analysis. The functions in this package implement the novel approach CIEE (causal inference using estimating equations; Konigorski et al., 2018, <DOI:10.1002/gepi.22107>) for estimating and testing the direct effect of an exposure variable on a primary outcome, while adjusting for indirect effects of the exposure on the primary outcome through a secondary intermediate outcome and potential factors influencing the secondary outcome. The underlying directed acyclic graph (DAG) of this considered model is described in the vignette. CIEE can be applied to studies in many different fields, and it is implemented here for the analysis of a continuous primary outcome and a time-to-event primary outcome subject to censoring. CIEE uses estimating equations to obtain estimates of the direct effect and robust sandwich standard error estimates. Then, a large-sample Wald-type test statistic is computed for testing the absence of the direct effect. Additionally, standard multiple regression, regression of residuals, and the structural equation modeling approach are implemented for comparison.

This function takes a vector or matrix of data and smooths the data with an improved Savitzky Golay transform. The Savitzky-Golay method for data smoothing and differentiation calculates convolution weights using Gram polynomials that exactly reproduce the results of least-squares polynomial regression. Use of the Savitzky-Golay method requires specification of both filter length and polynomial degree to calculate convolution weights. For maximum smoothing of statistical noise in data, polynomials with low degrees are desirable, while a high polynomial degree is necessary for accurate reproduction of peaks in the data. Extension of the least-squares regression formalism with statistical testing of additional terms of polynomial degree to a heuristically chosen minimum for each data window leads to an adaptive-degree polynomial filter (ADPF). Based on noise reduction for data that consist of pure noise and on signal reproduction for data that is purely signal, ADPF performed nearly as well as the optimally chosen fixed-degree Savitzky-Golay filter and outperformed sub-optimally chosen Savitzky-Golay filters. For synthetic data consisting of noise and signal, ADPF outperformed both optimally chosen and sub-optimally chosen fixed-degree Savitzky-Golay filters. See Barak, P. (1995) <doi:10.1021/ac00113a006> for more information.

Commodity pricing models are (systems of) stochastic differential equations that are utilized for the valuation and hedging of commodity contingent claims (i.e. derivative products on the commodity) and other commodity related investments. Commodity pricing models that capture market dynamics are of great importance to commodity market participants in order to exercise sound investment and risk-management strategies. Parameters of commodity pricing models are estimated through maximum likelihood estimation, using available term structure futures data of a commodity. NFCP (n-factor commodity pricing) provides a framework for the modeling, parameter estimation, probabilistic forecasting, option valuation and simulation of commodity prices through state space and Monte Carlo methods, risk-neutral valuation and Kalman filtering. NFCP allows the commodity pricing model to consist of n correlated factors, with both random walk and mean-reverting elements. The n-factor commodity pricing model framework was first presented in the work of Cortazar and Naranjo (2006) <doi:10.1002/fut.20198>. Examples presented in NFCP replicate the two-factor crude oil commodity pricing model presented in the prolific work of Schwartz and Smith (2000) <doi:10.1287/mnsc.46.7.893.12034> with the approximate term structure futures data applied within this study provided in the NFCP package.

Provide functions to estimate the coefficients in high-dimensional linear regressions via a tuning-free and robust approach. The method was published in Wang, L., Peng, B., Bradic, J., Li, R. and Wu, Y. (2020), "A Tuning-free Robust and Efficient Approach to High-dimensional Regression", Journal of the American Statistical Association, 115:532, 1700-1714(JASAâ s discussion paper), <doi:10.1080/01621459.2020.1840989>. See also Wang, L., Peng, B., Bradic, J., Li, R. and Wu, Y. (2020), "Rejoinder to â A tuning-free robust and efficient approach to high-dimensional regression". Journal of the American Statistical Association, 115, 1726-1729, <doi:10.1080/01621459.2020.1843865>; Peng, B. and Wang, L. (2015), "An Iterative Coordinate Descent Algorithm for High-Dimensional Nonconvex Penalized Quantile Regression", Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, 24:3, 676-694, <doi:10.1080/10618600.2014.913516>; Clémençon, S., Colin, I., and Bellet, A. (2016), "Scaling-up empirical risk minimization: optimization of incomplete u-statistics", The Journal of Machine Learning Research, 17(1):2682â 2717; Fan, J. and Li, R. (2001), "Variable Selection via Nonconcave Penalized Likelihood and its Oracle Properties", Journal of the American Statistical Association, 96:456, 1348-1360, <doi:10.1198/016214501753382273>.

Fit unidimensional item response theory (IRT) models to test data, which includes both dichotomous and polytomous items, calibrate pretest item parameters, estimate examinees abilities, and examine the IRT model-data fit on item-level in different ways as well as provide useful functions related to IRT analyses such as IRT model-data fit evaluation and differential item functioning analysis. The bring.flexmirt() and write.flexmirt() functions were written by modifying the read.flexmirt() function (Pritikin & Falk (2022) <doi:10.1177/0146621620929431>). The bring.bilog() and bring.parscale() functions were written by modifying the read.bilog() and read.parscale() functions, respectively (Weeks (2010) <doi:10.18637/jss.v035.i12>). The bisection() function was written by modifying the bisection() function (Howard (2017, ISBN:9780367657918)). The code of the inverse test characteristic curve scoring in the est_score() function was written by modifying the irt.eq.tse() function (González (2014) <doi:10.18637/jss.v059.i07>). In est_score() function, the code of weighted likelihood estimation method was written by referring to the Pi(), Ji(), and Ii() functions of the catR package (Magis & Barrada (2017) <doi:10.18637/jss.v076.c01>).

The Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model is a macroscale hydrologic model that solves full water and energy balances, originally developed by Xu Liang at the University of Washington (UW). The version of VIC source code used is of 5.0.1 on <https://github.com/UW-Hydro/VIC/>, see Hamman et al. (2018). Development and maintenance of the current official version of the VIC model at present is led by the UW Hydro (Computational Hydrology group) in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at UW. VIC is a research model and in its various forms it has been applied to most of the major river basins around the world, as well as globally <http://vic.readthedocs.io/en/master/Documentation/References/>. References: "Liang, X., D. P. Lettenmaier, E. F. Wood, and S. J. Burges (1994), A simple hydrologically based model of land surface water and energy fluxes for general circulation models, J. Geophys. Res., 99(D7), 14415-14428, <doi:10.1029/94JD00483>"; "Hamman, J. J., Nijssen, B., Bohn, T. J., Gergel, D. R., and Mao, Y. (2018), The Variable Infiltration Capacity model version 5 (VIC-5): infrastructure improvements for new applications and reproducibility, Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 3481-3496, <doi:10.5194/gmd-11-3481-2018>".

Fits relative survival regression models with or without proportional excess hazards and with the additional possibility to correct for background mortality by one or more parameter(s). These models are relevant when the observed mortality in the studied group is not comparable to that of the general population or in population-based studies where the available life tables used for net survival estimation are insufficiently stratified. In the latter case, the proposed model by Touraine et al. (2020) <doi:10.1177/0962280218823234> can be used. The user can also fit a model that relaxes the proportional expected hazards assumption considered in the Touraine et al. excess hazard model. This extension was proposed by Mba et al. (2020) <doi:10.1186/s12874-020-01139-z> to allow non-proportional effects of the additional variable on the general population mortality. In non-population-based studies, researchers can identify non-comparability source of bias in terms of expected mortality of selected individuals. An excess hazard model correcting this selection bias is presented in Goungounga et al. (2019) <doi:10.1186/s12874-019-0747-3>. This class of model with a random effect at the cluster level on excess hazard is presented in Goungounga et al. (2023) <doi:10.1002/bimj.202100210>.

This package provides a tool that allows users to generate various indices for evaluating statistical models. The fitstat() function computes indices based on the fitting data. The valstat() function computes indices based on the validation data set. Both fitstat() and valstat() will return 16 indices SSR: residual sum of squares, TRE: total relative error, Bias: mean bias, MRB: mean relative bias, MAB: mean absolute bias, MAPE: mean absolute percentage error, MSE: mean squared error, RMSE: root mean square error, Percent.RMSE: percentage root mean squared error, R2: coefficient of determination, R2adj: adjusted coefficient of determination, APC: Amemiya's prediction criterion, logL: Log-likelihood, AIC: Akaike information criterion, AICc: corrected Akaike information criterion, BIC: Bayesian information criterion, HQC: Hannan-Quin information criterion. The lower the better for the SSR, TRE, Bias, MRB, MAB, MAPE, MSE, RMSE, Percent.RMSE, APC, AIC, AICc, BIC and HQC indices. The higher the better for R2 and R2adj indices. Petre Stoica, P., Selén, Y. (2004) <doi:10.1109/MSP.2004.1311138>\n Zhou et al. (2023) <doi:10.3389/fpls.2023.1186250>\n Ogana, F.N., Ercanli, I. (2021) <doi:10.1007/s11676-021-01373-1>\n Musabbikhah et al. (2019) <doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1175/1/012270>.

This package provides a multi-visit clinical trial may collect participant responses on an ordinal scale and may utilize a stratified design, such as randomization within centers, to assess treatment efficacy across multiple visits. Baseline characteristics may be strongly associated with the outcome, and adjustment for them can improve power. The win ratio (ignores ties) and the win odds (accounts for ties) can be useful when analyzing these types of data from randomized controlled trials. This package provides straightforward functions for adjustment of the win ratio and win odds for stratification and baseline covariates, facilitating the comparison of test and control treatments in multi-visit clinical trials. For additional information concerning the methodologies and applied examples within this package, please refer to the following publications: 1. Weideman, A.M.K., Kowalewski, E.K., & Koch, G.G. (2024). â Randomization-based covariance adjustment of win ratios and win odds for randomized multi-visit studies with ordinal outcomes.â Journal of Statistical Research, 58(1), 33â 48. <doi:10.3329/jsr.v58i1.75411>. 2. Kowalewski, E.K., Weideman, A.M.K., & Koch, G.G. (2023). â SAS macro for randomization-based methods for covariance and stratified adjustment of win ratios and win odds for ordinal outcomes.â SESUG 2023 Proceedings, Paper 139-2023.

Supervised learning techniques designed for the situation when the dimensionality exceeds the sample size have a tendency to overfit as the dimensionality of the data increases. To remedy this High dimensionality; low sample size (HDLSS) situation, we attempt to learn a lower-dimensional representation of the data before learning a classifier. That is, we project the data to a situation where the dimensionality is more manageable, and then are able to better apply standard classification or clustering techniques since we will have fewer dimensions to overfit. A number of previous works have focused on how to strategically reduce dimensionality in the unsupervised case, yet in the supervised HDLSS regime, few works have attempted to devise dimensionality reduction techniques that leverage the labels associated with the data. In this package and the associated manuscript Vogelstein et al. (2017) <arXiv:1709.01233>, we provide several methods for feature extraction, some utilizing labels and some not, along with easily extensible utilities to simplify cross-validative efforts to identify the best feature extraction method. Additionally, we include a series of adaptable benchmark simulations to serve as a standard for future investigative efforts into supervised HDLSS. Finally, we produce a comprehensive comparison of the included algorithms across a range of benchmark simulations and real data applications.

The analysis of microarray time series promises a deeper insight into the dynamics of the cellular response following stimulation. A common observation in this type of data is that some genes respond with quick, transient dynamics, while other genes change their expression slowly over time. The existing methods for detecting significant expression dynamics often fail when the expression dynamics show a large heterogeneity. Moreover, these methods often cannot cope with irregular and sparse measurements. The method proposed here is specifically designed for the analysis of perturbation responses. It combines different scores to capture fast and transient dynamics as well as slow expression changes, and performs well in the presence of low replicate numbers and irregular sampling times. The results are given in the form of tables including links to figures showing the expression dynamics of the respective transcript. These allow to quickly recognise the relevance of detection, to identify possible false positives and to discriminate early and late changes in gene expression. An extension of the method allows the analysis of the expression dynamics of functional groups of genes, providing a quick overview of the cellular response. The performance of this package was tested on microarray data derived from lung cancer cells stimulated with epidermal growth factor (EGF). Paper: Albrecht, Marco, et al. (2017)<DOI:10.1186/s12859-016-1440-8>.

The tsgc package provides comprehensive tools for the analysis and forecasting of epidemic trajectories. It is designed to model the progression of an epidemic over time while accounting for the various uncertainties inherent in real-time data. Underpinned by a dynamic Gompertz model, the package adopts a state space approach, using the Kalman filter for flexible and robust estimation of the non-linear growth pattern commonly observed in epidemic data. The reinitialization feature enhances the modelâ s ability to adapt to the emergence of new waves. The forecasts generated by the package are of value to public health officials and researchers who need to understand and predict the course of an epidemic to inform decision-making. Beyond its application in public health, the package is also a useful resource for researchers and practitioners in fields where the trajectories of interest resemble those of epidemics, such as innovation diffusion. The package includes functionalities for data preprocessing, model fitting, and forecast visualization, as well as tools for evaluating forecast accuracy. The core methodologies implemented in tsgc are based on well-established statistical techniques as described in Harvey and Kattuman (2020) <doi:10.1162/99608f92.828f40de>, Harvey and Kattuman (2021) <doi:10.1098/rsif.2021.0179>, and Ashby, Harvey, Kattuman, and Thamotheram (2024) <https://www.jbs.cam.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/cchle-tsgc-paper-2024.pdf>.

The Data Driven I-V Feature Extraction is used to extract Current-Voltage (I-V) features from I-V curves. I-V curves indicate the relationship between current and voltage for a solar cell or Photovoltaic (PV) modules. The I-V features such as maximum power point (Pmp), shunt resistance (Rsh), series resistance (Rs),short circuit current (Isc), open circuit voltage (Voc), fill factor (FF), current at maximum power (Imp) and voltage at maximum power(Vmp) contain important information of the performance for PV modules. The traditional method uses the single diode model to model I-V curves and extract I-V features. This package does not use the diode model, but uses data-driven a method which select different linear parts of the I-V curves to extract I-V features. This method also uses a sampling method to calculate uncertainties when extracting I-V features. Also, because of the partially shaded array, "steps" occurs in I-V curves. The "Segmented Regression" method is used to identify steps in I-V curves. This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energyâ s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) under Solar Energy Technologies Office (SETO) Agreement Number DE-EE0007140. Further information can be found in the following paper. [1] Ma, X. et al, 2019. <doi:10.1109/JPHOTOV.2019.2928477>.

R codes for the (adaptive) Sum of Powered Score ('SPU and aSPU') tests, inverse variance weighted Sum of Powered score ('SPUw and aSPUw') tests and gene-based and some pathway based association tests (Pathway based Sum of Powered Score tests ('SPUpath'), adaptive SPUpath ('aSPUpath') test, GEEaSPU test for multiple traits - single SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) association in generalized estimation equations, MTaSPUs test for multiple traits - single SNP association with Genome Wide Association Studies ('GWAS') summary statistics, Gene-based Association Test that uses an extended Simes procedure ('GATES'), Hybrid Set-based Test ('HYST') and extended version of GATES test for pathway-based association testing ('GATES-Simes'). ). The tests can be used with genetic and other data sets with covariates. The response variable is binary or quantitative. Summary; (1) Single trait-'SNP set association with individual-level data ('aSPU', aSPUw', aSPUr'), (2) Single trait-'SNP set association with summary statistics ('aSPUs'), (3) Single trait-pathway association with individual-level data ('aSPUpath'), (4) Single trait-pathway association with summary statistics ('aSPUsPath'), (5) Multiple traits-single SNP association with individual-level data ('GEEaSPU'), (6) Multiple traits- single SNP association with summary statistics ('MTaSPUs'), (7) Multiple traits-'SNP set association with summary statistics('MTaSPUsSet'), (8) Multiple traits-pathway association with summary statistics('MTaSPUsSetPath').

Two papers published in the early 2000's (Zeeberg, B.R., Feng, W., Wang, G. et al. (2003) <doi:10.1186/gb-2003-4-4-r28>) and (Zeeberg, B.R., Qin, H., Narashimhan, S., et al. (2005) <doi:10.1186/1471-2105-6-168>) implement GoMiner and High Throughput GoMiner ('HTGM') to map lists of genes to the Gene Ontology (GO) <https://geneontology.org>. Until recently, these were hosted on a server at The National Cancer Institute (NCI). In order to continue providing these services to the bio-medical community, I have developed stand-alone versions. The current package HTGM builds upon my recent package GoMiner'. The output of GoMiner is a heatmap showing the relationship of a single list of genes and the significant categories into which they map. High Throughput GoMiner ('HTGM') integrates the results of the individual GoMiner analyses. The output of HTGM is a heatmap showing the relationship of the significant categories derived from each gene list. The heatmap has only 2 axes, so the identity of the genes are unfortunately "integrated out of the equation." Because the graphic for the heatmap is implemented in Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) technology, it is relatively easy to hyperlink each picture element to the relevant list of genes. By clicking on the desired picture element, the user can recover the "lost" genes.

This package provides a music notation syntax and a collection of music programming functions for generating, manipulating, organizing, and analyzing musical information in R. Music syntax can be entered directly in character strings, for example to quickly transcribe short pieces of music. The package contains functions for directly performing various mathematical, logical and organizational operations and musical transformations on special object classes that facilitate working with music data and notation. The same music data can be organized in tidy data frames for a familiar and powerful approach to the analysis of large amounts of structured music data. Functions are available for mapping seamlessly between these formats and their representations of musical information. The package also provides an API to LilyPond (<https://lilypond.org/>) for transcribing musical representations in R into tablature ("tabs") and sheet music. LilyPond is open source music engraving software for generating high quality sheet music based on markup syntax. The package generates LilyPond files from R code and can pass them to the LilyPond command line interface to be rendered into sheet music PDF files or inserted into R markdown documents. The package offers nominal MIDI file output support in conjunction with rendering sheet music. The package can read MIDI files and attempts to structure the MIDI data to integrate as best as possible with the data structures and functionality found throughout the package.

This package provides functions for identifying, fitting, and applying continuous-space, continuous-time stochastic-process movement models to animal tracking data. The package is described in Calabrese et al (2016) <doi:10.1111/2041-210X.12559>, with models and methods based on those introduced and detailed in Fleming & Calabrese et al (2014) <doi:10.1086/675504>, Fleming et al (2014) <doi:10.1111/2041-210X.12176>, Fleming et al (2015) <doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.91.032107>, Fleming et al (2015) <doi:10.1890/14-2010.1>, Fleming et al (2016) <doi:10.1890/15-1607>, Péron & Fleming et al (2016) <doi:10.1186/s40462-016-0084-7>, Fleming & Calabrese (2017) <doi:10.1111/2041-210X.12673>, Péron et al (2017) <doi:10.1002/ecm.1260>, Fleming et al (2017) <doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2017.04.008>, Fleming et al (2018) <doi:10.1002/eap.1704>, Winner & Noonan et al (2018) <doi:10.1111/2041-210X.13027>, Fleming et al (2019) <doi:10.1111/2041-210X.13270>, Noonan & Fleming et al (2019) <doi:10.1186/s40462-019-0177-1>, Fleming et al (2020) <doi:10.1101/2020.06.12.130195>, Noonan et al (2021) <doi:10.1111/2041-210X.13597>, Fleming et al (2022) <doi:10.1111/2041-210X.13815>, Silva et al (2022) <doi:10.1111/2041-210X.13786>, Alston & Fleming et al (2023) <doi:10.1111/2041-210X.14025>.

Allows researchers to conduct multivariate statistical analyses of survey data with list experiments. This survey methodology is also known as the item count technique or the unmatched count technique and is an alternative to the commonly used randomized response method. The package implements the methods developed by Imai (2011) <doi:10.1198/jasa.2011.ap10415>, Blair and Imai (2012) <doi:10.1093/pan/mpr048>, Blair, Imai, and Lyall (2013) <doi:10.1111/ajps.12086>, Imai, Park, and Greene (2014) <doi:10.1093/pan/mpu017>, Aronow, Coppock, Crawford, and Green (2015) <doi:10.1093/jssam/smu023>, Chou, Imai, and Rosenfeld (2017) <doi:10.1177/0049124117729711>, and Blair, Chou, and Imai (2018) <https://imai.fas.harvard.edu/research/files/listerror.pdf>. This includes a Bayesian MCMC implementation of regression for the standard and multiple sensitive item list experiment designs and a random effects setup, a Bayesian MCMC hierarchical regression model with up to three hierarchical groups, the combined list experiment and endorsement experiment regression model, a joint model of the list experiment that enables the analysis of the list experiment as a predictor in outcome regression models, a method for combining list experiments with direct questions, and methods for diagnosing and adjusting for response error. In addition, the package implements the statistical test that is designed to detect certain failures of list experiments, and a placebo test for the list experiment using data from direct questions.

This package provides functions to implement the methods of the Flood Estimation Handbook (FEH), associated updates and the revitalised flood hydrograph model (ReFH). Currently the package uses NRFA peak flow dataset version 13. Aside from FEH functionality, further hydrological functions are available. Most of the methods implemented in this package are described in one or more of the following: "Flood Estimation Handbook", Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (1999, ISBN:0 948540 94 X). "Flood Estimation Handbook Supplementary Report No. 1", Kjeldsen (2007, ISBN:0 903741 15 7). "Regional Frequency Analysis - an approach based on L-moments", Hosking & Wallis (1997, ISBN: 978 0 521 01940 8). "Proposal of the extreme rank plot for extreme value analysis: with an emphasis on flood frequency studies", Hammond (2019, <doi:10.2166/nh.2019.157>). "Making better use of local data in flood frequency estimation", Environment Agency (2017, ISBN: 978 1 84911 387 8). "Sampling uncertainty of UK design flood estimation" , Hammond (2021, <doi:10.2166/nh.2021.059>). "Improving the FEH statistical procedures for flood frequency estimation", Environment Agency (2008, ISBN: 978 1 84432 920 5). "Low flow estimation in the United Kingdom", Institute of Hydrology (1992, ISBN 0 948540 45 1). Wallingford HydroSolutions, (2016, <http://software.hydrosolutions.co.uk/winfap4/Urban-Adjustment-Procedure-Technical-Note.pdf>). Data from the UK National River Flow Archive (<https://nrfa.ceh.ac.uk/>, terms and conditions: <https://nrfa.ceh.ac.uk/help/costs-terms-and-conditions>).

Restic is a program that does backups right and was designed with the following principles in mind:

• Easy: Doing backups should be a frictionless process, otherwise you might be tempted to skip it. Restic should be easy to configure and use, so that, in the event of a data loss, you can just restore it. Likewise, restoring data should not be complicated.

• Fast: Backing up your data with restic should only be limited by your network or hard disk bandwidth so that you can backup your files every day. Nobody does backups if it takes too much time. Restoring backups should only transfer data that is needed for the files that are to be restored, so that this process is also fast.

• Verifiable: Much more important than backup is restore, so restic enables you to easily verify that all data can be restored.

• Secure: Restic uses cryptography to guarantee confidentiality and integrity of your data. The location the backup data is stored is assumed not to be a trusted environment (e.g. a shared space where others like system administrators are able to access your backups). Restic is built to secure your data against such attackers.

• Efficient: With the growth of data, additional snapshots should only take the storage of the actual increment. Even more, duplicate data should be de-duplicated before it is actually written to the storage back end to save precious backup space.

Restic is a program that does backups right and was designed with the following principles in mind:

• Easy: Doing backups should be a frictionless process, otherwise you might be tempted to skip it. Restic should be easy to configure and use, so that, in the event of a data loss, you can just restore it. Likewise, restoring data should not be complicated.

• Fast: Backing up your data with restic should only be limited by your network or hard disk bandwidth so that you can backup your files every day. Nobody does backups if it takes too much time. Restoring backups should only transfer data that is needed for the files that are to be restored, so that this process is also fast.

• Verifiable: Much more important than backup is restore, so restic enables you to easily verify that all data can be restored.

• Secure: Restic uses cryptography to guarantee confidentiality and integrity of your data. The location the backup data is stored is assumed not to be a trusted environment (e.g. a shared space where others like system administrators are able to access your backups). Restic is built to secure your data against such attackers.

• Efficient: With the growth of data, additional snapshots should only take the storage of the actual increment. Even more, duplicate data should be de-duplicated before it is actually written to the storage back end to save precious backup space.