This package provides a tool for spatial/spatio-temporal modelling and prediction with large datasets. The approach models the field, and hence the covariance function, using a set of basis functions. This fixed-rank basis-function representation facilitates the modelling of big data, and the method naturally allows for non-stationary, anisotropic covariance functions. Discretisation of the spatial domain into so-called basic areal units (BAUs) facilitates the use of observations with varying support (i.e., both point-referenced and areal supports, potentially simultaneously), and prediction over arbitrary user-specified regions. `FRK` also supports inference over various manifolds, including the 2D plane and 3D sphere, and it provides helper functions to model, fit, predict, and plot with relative ease. Version 2.0.0 and above also supports the modelling of non-Gaussian data (e.g., Poisson, binomial, negative-binomial, gamma, and inverse-Gaussian) by employing a generalised linear mixed model (GLMM) framework. Zammit-Mangion and Cressie <doi:10.18637/jss.v098.i04> describe `FRK` in a Gaussian setting, and detail its use of basis functions and BAUs, while Sainsbury-Dale, Zammit-Mangion, and Cressie <doi:10.18637/jss.v108.i10> describe `FRK` in a non-Gaussian setting; two vignettes are available that summarise these papers and provide additional examples.

Various affine invariant multivariate normality tests are provided. It is designed to accompany the survey article Ebner, B. and Henze, N. (2020) <doi:10.1007/s11749-020-00740-0> titled "Tests for multivariate normality -- a critical review with emphasis on weighted L^2-statistics". We implement new and time honoured L^2-type tests of multivariate normality, such as the Baringhaus-Henze-Epps-Pulley (BHEP) test, the Henze-Zirkler test, the test of Henze-Jiménes-Gamero, the test of Henze-Jiménes-Gamero-Meintanis, the test of Henze-Visage, the Dörr-Ebner-Henze test based on harmonic oscillator and the Dörr-Ebner-Henze test based on a double estimation in a PDE. Secondly, we include the measures of multivariate skewness and kurtosis by Mardia, Koziol, Malkovich and Afifi and Móri, Rohatgi and Székely, as well as the associated tests. Thirdly, we include the tests of multivariate normality by Cox and Small, the energy test of Székely and Rizzo, the tests based on spherical harmonics by Manzotti and Quiroz and the test of Pudelko. All the functions and tests need the data to be a n x d matrix where n is the samplesize (number of rows) and d is the dimension (number of columns).

The GB2 package explores the Generalized Beta distribution of the second kind. Density, cumulative distribution function, quantiles and moments of the distribution are given. Functions for the full log-likelihood, the profile log-likelihood and the scores are provided. Formulas for various indicators of inequality and poverty under the GB2 are implemented. The GB2 is fitted by the methods of maximum pseudo-likelihood estimation using the full and profile log-likelihood, and non-linear least squares estimation of the model parameters. Various plots for the visualization and analysis of the results are provided. Variance estimation of the parameters is provided for the method of maximum pseudo-likelihood estimation. A mixture distribution based on the compounding property of the GB2 is presented (denoted as "compound" in the documentation). This mixture distribution is based on the discretization of the distribution of the underlying random scale parameter. The discretization can be left or right tail. Density, cumulative distribution function, moments and quantiles for the mixture distribution are provided. The compound mixture distribution is fitted using the method of maximum pseudo-likelihood estimation. The fit can also incorporate the use of auxiliary information. In this new version of the package, the mixture case is complemented with new functions for variance estimation by linearization and comparative density plots.

Calculates Land Surface Temperature from Landsat band 10 and 11. Revision of the Single-Channel Algorithm for Land Surface Temperature Retrieval From Landsat Thermal-Infrared Data. Jimenez-Munoz JC, Cristobal J, Sobrino JA, et al (2009). <doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2008.2007125>. Land surface temperature retrieval from LANDSAT TM 5. Sobrino JA, Jiménez-Muñoz JC, Paolini L (2004). <doi:10.1016/j.rse.2004.02.003>. Surface temperature estimation in Singhbhum Shear Zone of India using Landsat-7 ETM+ thermal infrared data. Srivastava PK, Majumdar TJ, Bhattacharya AK (2009). <doi: 10.1016/j.asr.2009.01.023>. Mapping land surface emissivity from NDVI: Application to European, African, and South American areas. Valor E (1996). <doi:10.1016/0034-4257(96)00039-9>. On the relationship between thermal emissivity and the normalized difference vegetation index for natural surfaces. Van de Griend AA, Owe M (1993). <doi:10.1080/01431169308904400>. Land Surface Temperature Retrieval from Landsat 8 TIRSâ Comparison between Radiative Transfer Equation-Based Method, Split Window Algorithm and Single Channel Method. Yu X, Guo X, Wu Z (2014). <doi:10.3390/rs6109829>. Calibration and Validation of land surface temperature for Landsat8-TIRS sensor. Land product validation and evolution. SkokoviÄ D, Sobrino JA, Jimenez-Munoz JC, Soria G, Julien Y, Mattar C, Cristóbal J. (2014).

This package performs a Necessary Condition Analysis (NCA). (Dul, J. 2016. Necessary Condition Analysis (NCA). Logic and Methodology of Necessary but not Sufficient causality." Organizational Research Methods 19(1), 10-52) <doi:10.1177/1094428115584005>. NCA identifies necessary (but not sufficient) conditions in datasets, where x causes (e.g. precedes) y. Instead of drawing a regression line through the middle of the data in an xy-plot, NCA draws the ceiling line. The ceiling line y = f(x) separates the area with observations from the area without observations. (Nearly) all observations are below the ceiling line: y <= f(x). The empty zone is in the upper left hand corner of the xy-plot (with the convention that the x-axis is horizontal and the y-axis is vertical and that values increase upwards and to the right''). The ceiling line is a (piecewise) linear non-decreasing line: a linear step function or a straight line. It indicates which level of x (e.g., an effort, a characteristic) is necessary but not sufficient for a (desired or undesired) level of y (e.g., good performance or disease). A quick start guide for using this package can be found here: <https://repub.eur.nl/pub/78323/> or <https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2624981>.

Constructs, validates, lays out, and renders Unified Model Graphs (UMG), a formal graphical grammar for statistical models in psychology. Vertices are typed by observability, support, and inferential role; edges distinguish stochastic, symmetric, deterministic, and mixing dependence; plates encode replication and hierarchy. Diagrams can be themed and rendered with base grid graphics, with ggplot2', as TikZ code, or as Graphviz DOT, and can be constructed either from one-line motif builders for many model families or automatically from lavaan', lme4', mirt', blavaan', brms', OpenMx', and qgraph model objects. A diagram can be inspected as a data frame, summarised, and exported back to lavaan model syntax, making the model-diagram correspondence operational in both directions. Each diagram also exposes identification diagnostics (scaling checks, a graphical counting rule, and a d-separation reader) and generates the exploratory display scaffolds implied by the model-data duality. The notation builds on established results for graphical and structural equation models: plate notation follows Buntine (1994) <doi:10.1613/jair.62>; the counting rule and scaling checks follow Bollen (1989) <doi:10.1002/9781118619179>; and the independence reader implements the d-separation criterion of Geiger, Verma and Pearl (1990) <doi:10.1002/net.3230200504> through the equivalent ancestral graph criterion of Lauritzen, Dawid, Larsen and Leimer (1990) <doi:10.1002/net.3230200503>.

Bayesian synthetic likelihood (BSL, Price et al. (2018) <doi:10.1080/10618600.2017.1302882>) is an alternative to standard, non-parametric approximate Bayesian computation (ABC). BSL assumes a multivariate normal distribution for the summary statistic likelihood and it is suitable when the distribution of the model summary statistics is sufficiently regular. This package provides a Metropolis Hastings Markov chain Monte Carlo implementation of four methods (BSL, uBSL, semiBSL and BSLmisspec) and two shrinkage estimators (graphical lasso and Warton's estimator). uBSL (Price et al. (2018) <doi:10.1080/10618600.2017.1302882>) uses an unbiased estimator to the normal density. A semi-parametric version of BSL (semiBSL, An et al. (2020) <doi:10.1007/s11222-019-09904-x>) is more robust to non-normal summary statistics. BSLmisspec (Frazier et al. 2021 <doi:10.1080/10618600.2021.1875839>) estimates the Gaussian synthetic likelihood whilst acknowledging that there may be incompatibility between the model and the observed summary statistic. Shrinkage estimation can help to decrease the number of model simulations when the dimension of the summary statistic is high (e.g., BSLasso, An et al. (2019) <doi:10.1080/10618600.2018.1537928>). Extensions to this package are planned. For a journal article describing how to use this package, see An et al. (2022) <doi:10.18637/jss.v101.i11>.

Implementation of a Bayesian two-way latent structure model for integrative genomic clustering. The model clusters samples in relation to distinct data sources, with each subject-dataset receiving a latent cluster label, though cluster labels have across-dataset meaning because of the model formulation. A common scaling across data sources is unneeded, and inference is obtained by a Gibbs Sampler. The model can fit multivariate Gaussian distributed clusters or a heavier-tailed modification of a Gaussian density. Uniquely among integrative clustering models, the formulation makes no nestedness assumptions of samples across data sources -- the user can still fit the model if a study subject only has information from one data source. The package provides a variety of post-processing functions for model examination including ones for quantifying observed alignment of clusterings across genomic data sources. Run time is optimized so that analyses of datasets on the order of thousands of features on fewer than 5 datasets and hundreds of subjects can converge in 1 or 2 days on a single CPU. See "Swanson DM, Lien T, Bergholtz H, Sorlie T, Frigessi A, Investigating Coordinated Architectures Across Clusters in Integrative Studies: a Bayesian Two-Way Latent Structure Model, 2018, <doi:10.1101/387076>, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory" at <https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2018/08/07/387076.full.pdf> for model details.

When choosing proper variable selection methods, it is important to consider the uncertainty of a certain method. The model confidence bound for variable selection identifies two nested models (upper and lower confidence bound models) containing the true model at a given confidence level. A good variable selection method is the one of which the model confidence bound under a certain confidence level has the shortest width. When visualizing the variability of model selection and comparing different model selection procedures, model uncertainty curve is a good graphical tool. A good variable selection method is the one of whose model uncertainty curve will tend to arch towards the upper left corner. This function aims to obtain the model confidence bound and draw the model uncertainty curve of certain single model selection method under a coverage rate equal or little higher than user-given confidential level. About what model confidence bound is and how it work please see Li,Y., Luo,Y., Ferrari,D., Hu,X. and Qin,Y. (2019) Model Confidence Bounds for Variable Selection. Biometrics, 75:392-403. <DOI:10.1111/biom.13024>. Besides, flare is needed only you apply the SQRT or LAD method ('mcb totally has 8 methods). Although flare has been archived by CRAN, you can still get it in <https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=flare> and the latest version is useful for mcb'.

This package provides a high-performance, flexible and extensible framework to develop continuous-time agent based models. Its high performance allows it to simulate millions of agents efficiently. Agents are defined by their states (arbitrary R lists). The events are handled in chronological order. This avoids the multi-event interaction problem in a time step of discrete-time simulations, and gives precise outcomes. The states are modified by provided or user-defined events. The framework provides a flexible and customizable implementation of state transitions (either spontaneous or caused by agent interactions), making the framework suitable to apply to epidemiology and ecology, e.g., to model life history stages, competition and cooperation, and disease and information spread. The agent interactions are flexible and extensible. The framework provides random mixing and network interactions, and supports multi-level mixing patterns. It can be easily extended to other interactions such as inter- and intra-households (or workplaces and schools) by subclassing an R6 class. It can be used to study the effect of age-specific, group-specific, and contact- specific intervention strategies, and complex interactions between individual behavior and population dynamics. This modeling concept can also be used in business, economical and political models. As a generic event based framework, it can be applied to many other fields. More information about the implementation and examples can be found at <https://github.com/junlingm/ABM>.

An interface for the Neo4j database providing mapping between different identifiers of biological entities. This Biological Entity Dictionary (BED) has been developed to address three main challenges. The first one is related to the completeness of identifier mappings. Indeed, direct mapping information provided by the different systems are not always complete and can be enriched by mappings provided by other resources. More interestingly, direct mappings not identified by any of these resources can be indirectly inferred by using mappings to a third reference. For example, many human Ensembl gene ID are not directly mapped to any Entrez gene ID but such mappings can be inferred using respective mappings to HGNC ID. The second challenge is related to the mapping of deprecated identifiers. Indeed, entity identifiers can change from one resource release to another. The identifier history is provided by some resources, such as Ensembl or the NCBI, but it is generally not used by mapping tools. The third challenge is related to the automation of the mapping process according to the relationships between the biological entities of interest. Indeed, mapping between gene and protein ID scopes should not be done the same way than between two scopes regarding gene ID. Also, converting identifiers from different organisms should be possible using gene orthologs information. The method has been published by Godard and van Eyll (2018) <doi:10.12688/f1000research.13925.3>.

The Slow Digestibility Index (SDI) is a tool that helps users evaluate the slow-digestion properties of crops or food matrices by combining multiple factors into a single score. It considers parameters related to starch composition [total starch (TS), amylose/amylopectin ratio (Aratio), total amylose content (TAC), and total amylopectin content (TAPC)], starch digestibility [rapidly digestible starch (RDS), slowly digestible starch (SDS) and resistant starch (RS)], structural properties [relative crystallinity (RC)], non-starch components [total protein, total oil content (TOC), and total phenolic content (TPC)], and pasting behaviour [peak viscosity (PV), pasting temperature (PT), holding strength (HS), and final viscosity (FV)].The SDI is flexible and allows users to calculate the index using all parameters or only selected ones, depending on the data available. Users can also compute a starch-based SDI (using only starch-related parameters) or a principal component analysis (PCA)-based SDI, where weights are determined automatically from the data. Thus, the SDI provides a simple way to compare and rank crops or food samples based on their slow digestion potential. The package implements SDI(),starchSDI(), genSDI(), scoreSDI(), and pcaSDI() for estimating slow digestibility index using predefined weighted TOPSIS, starch-specific TOPSIS, user-defined weighted TOPSIS, score-based normalization, and PCA based approaches, respectively. The package has been developed using the algorithm of Pandey et al. (2026) <doi:10.1016/j.jff.2026.107208>.

Calculate the optimal sample size allocation that uses the minimum resources to achieve targeted statistical power in experiments. Perform power analyses with and without accommodating costs and budget. The designs cover single-level and multilevel experiments detecting main, mediation, and moderation effects (and some combinations). The references for the proposed methods include: (1) Shen, Z., & Kelcey, B. (2020). Optimal sample allocation under unequal costs in cluster-randomized trials. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 45(4): 446-474. <doi:10.3102/1076998620912418>. (2) Shen, Z., & Kelcey, B. (2022b). Optimal sample allocation for three-level multisite cluster-randomized trials. Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness, 15 (1), 130-150. <doi:10.1080/19345747.2021.1953200>. (3) Shen, Z., & Kelcey, B. (2022a). Optimal sample allocation in multisite randomized trials. The Journal of Experimental Education, 90(3), 693-711. <doi:10.1080/00220973.2020.1830361>. (4) Shen, Z., Leite, W., Zhang, H., Quan, J., & Kuang, H. (2025). Using ant colony optimization to identify optimal sample allocations in cluster-randomized trials. The Journal of Experimental Education, 93(1), 167-185. <doi:10.1080/00220973.2024.2306392>. (5) Shen, Z., Li, W., & Leite, W. (in press). Statistical power and optimal design for randomized controlled trials investigating mediation effects. Psychological Methods. <doi:10.1037/met0000698>. (6) Champely, S. (2020). pwr: Basic functions for power analysis (Version 1.3-0) [Software]. Available from <https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=pwr>.

Error-driven learning (based on the Widrow & Hoff (1960)<https://isl.stanford.edu/~widrow/papers/c1960adaptiveswitching.pdf> learning rule, and essentially the same as Rescorla-Wagner's learning equations (Rescorla & Wagner, 1972, ISBN: 0390718017), which are also at the core of Naive Discrimination Learning, (Baayen et al, 2011, <doi:10.1037/a0023851>) can be used to explain bottom-up human learning (Hoppe et al, <doi:10.31234/osf.io/py5kd>), but is also at the core of artificial neural networks applications in the form of the Delta rule. This package provides a set of functions for building small-scale simulations to investigate the dynamics of error-driven learning and it's interaction with the structure of the input. For modeling error-driven learning using the Rescorla-Wagner equations the package ndl (Baayen et al, 2011, <doi:10.1037/a0023851>) is available on CRAN at <https://cran.r-project.org/package=ndl>. However, the package currently only allows tracing of a cue-outcome combination, rather than returning the learned networks. To fill this gap, we implemented a new package with a few functions that facilitate inspection of the networks for small error driven learning simulations. Note that our functions are not optimized for training large data sets (no parallel processing), as they are intended for small scale simulations and course examples. (Consider the python implementation pyndl <https://pyndl.readthedocs.io/en/latest/> for that purpose.).

The olr function systematically evaluates multiple linear regression models by exhaustively fitting all possible combinations of independent variables against the specified dependent variable. It selects the model that yields the highest adjusted R-squared (by default) or R-squared, depending on user preference. In model evaluation, both R-squared and adjusted R-squared are key metrics: R-squared measures the proportion of variance explained but tends to increase with the addition of predictorsâ regardless of relevanceâ potentially leading to overfitting. Adjusted R-squared compensates for this by penalizing model complexity, providing a more balanced view of fit quality. The goal of olr is to identify the most suitable model that captures the underlying structure of the data while avoiding unnecessary complexity. By comparing both metrics, it offers a robust evaluation framework that balances predictive power with model parsimony. Example Analogy: Imagine a gardener trying to understand what influences plant growth (the dependent variable). They might consider variables like sunlight, watering frequency, soil type, and nutrients (independent variables). Instead of manually guessing which combination works best, the olr function automatically tests every possible combination of predictors and identifies the most effective modelâ based on either the highest R-squared or adjusted R-squared value. This saves the user from trial-and-error modeling and highlights only the most meaningful variables for explaining the outcome. A Python version is also available at <https://pypi.org/project/olr>.

The King's Health Questionnaire (KHQ) is a disease-specific, self-administered questionnaire designed specific to assess the impact of Urinary Incontinence (UI) on Quality of Life. The questionnaire was developed by Kelleher and collaborators (1997) <doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1997.tb11006.x>. It is a simple, acceptable and reliable measure to use in the clinical setting and a research tool that is useful in evaluating UI treatment outcomes. The KHQ five dimensions (KHQ5D) is a condition-specific preference-based measure developed by Brazier and collaborators (2008) <doi:10.1177/0272989X07301820>. Although not as popular as the SF6D <doi:10.1016/S0895-4356(98)00103-6> and EQ-5D <https://euroqol.org/>, the KHQ5D measures health-related quality of life (HRQoL) specifically for UI, not general conditions like the others two instruments mentioned. The KHQ5D ca be used in the clinical and economic evaluation of health care. The subject self-rates their health in terms of five dimensions: Role Limitation (RL), Physical Limitations (PL), Social Limitations (SL), Emotions (E), and Sleep (S). Frequently the states on these five dimensions are converted to a single utility index using country specific value sets, which can be used in the clinical and economic evaluation of health care as well as in population health surveys. This package provides methods to calculate scores for each dimension of the KHQ; converts KHQ item scores to KHQ5D scores; and also calculates the utility index of the KHQ5D.

Multivariate Time Series (MTS) is a general package for analyzing multivariate linear time series and estimating multivariate volatility models. It also handles factor models, constrained factor models, asymptotic principal component analysis commonly used in finance and econometrics, and principal volatility component analysis. (a) For the multivariate linear time series analysis, the package performs model specification, estimation, model checking, and prediction for many widely used models, including vector AR models, vector MA models, vector ARMA models, seasonal vector ARMA models, VAR models with exogenous variables, multivariate regression models with time series errors, augmented VAR models, and Error-correction VAR models for co-integrated time series. For model specification, the package performs structural specification to overcome the difficulties of identifiability of VARMA models. The methods used for structural specification include Kronecker indices and Scalar Component Models. (b) For multivariate volatility modeling, the MTS package handles several commonly used models, including multivariate exponentially weighted moving-average volatility, Cholesky decomposition volatility models, dynamic conditional correlation (DCC) models, copula-based volatility models, and low-dimensional BEKK models. The package also considers multiple tests for conditional heteroscedasticity, including rank-based statistics. (c) Finally, the MTS package also performs forecasting using diffusion index , transfer function analysis, Bayesian estimation of VAR models, and multivariate time series analysis with missing values.Users can also use the package to simulate VARMA models, to compute impulse response functions of a fitted VARMA model, and to calculate theoretical cross-covariance matrices of a given VARMA model.

Conducts analyses for healthcare program evaluations or intervention studies. Calculates regression analyses for standard ordinary least squares (OLS or linear) or logistic models. Performs regression models used for causal modeling such as differences-in-differences (DID) and interrupted time series (ITS) models. Provides limited interpretations of model results and a ranking of variable importance in models. Performs propensity score models, top-coding of model outcome variables, and can return new data with the newly formed variables. Conducts Bayesian analysis summaries and graphs, decision curve analysis, and produces some Shewhart control charts. Also performs Cronbach's alpha for various scale items (e.g., survey questions). See Github URL for examples in the README file. For more details on the statistical methods, see Allen & Yen (1979, ISBN:0-8185-0283-5), Angrist & Pischke (2009, ISBN:9780691120355), Cohen (1988, ISBN:0-8058-0283-5), Gebski (2012) <doi:10.1017/S0950268812000179>, Gelman & Goodrich (2019) <doi:10.1080/00031305.2018.1549100>, Gelman & Hill (2007, ISBN:978-0-521-68689-1), Harrell (2015, ISBN:978-3-319-19424-0), Imbens & Rubin (2015, ISBN:978-0-521-88588-1), Kline (1999, ISBN:9780415211581), Kruschke (2014, ISBN:9780124058880), Linden (2015) <doi:10.1177/1536867X1501500208>, Merlo (2006) <doi:10.1136/jech.2004.029454>, Muthen & Satorra (1995) <doi:10.2307/271070>, Pitman (1993, ISBN:978-0-387-97974-8), Rabe-Hesketh & Skrondal (2008, ISBN:978-1-59718-040-5), Rosenbaum (2010, ISBN:978-1-4419-1212-1), Ryan (2011, ISBN:978-0-470-59074-4), and Vickers & Elkin (2006) <doi:10.1177/0272989X06295361>.

To estimate ecological stochasticity in community assembly. Understanding the community assembly mechanisms controlling biodiversity patterns is a central issue in ecology. Although it is generally accepted that both deterministic and stochastic processes play important roles in community assembly, quantifying their relative importance is challenging. The new index, normalized stochasticity ratio (NST), is to estimate ecological stochasticity, i.e. relative importance of stochastic processes, in community assembly. With functions in this package, NST can be calculated based on different similarity metrics and/or different null model algorithms, as well as some previous indexes, e.g. previous Stochasticity Ratio (ST), Standard Effect Size (SES), modified Raup-Crick metrics (RC). Functions for permutational test and bootstrapping analysis are also included. Previous ST is published by Zhou et al (2014) <doi:10.1073/pnas.1324044111>. NST is modified from ST by considering two alternative situations and normalizing the index to range from 0 to 1 (Ning et al 2019) <doi:10.1073/pnas.1904623116>. A modified version, MST, is a special case of NST, used in some recent or upcoming publications, e.g. Liang et al (2020) <doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2020.108023>. SES is calculated as described in Kraft et al (2011) <doi:10.1126/science.1208584>. RC is calculated as reported by Chase et al (2011) <doi:10.1890/ES10-00117.1> and Stegen et al (2013) <doi:10.1038/ismej.2013.93>. Version 3 added NST based on phylogenetic beta diversity, used by Ning et al (2020) <doi:10.1038/s41467-020-18560-z>.

Calculates the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) S3.5-1997 Speech Intelligibility Index (SII) (ANSI, 1997), a standard method for computing the intelligibility of speech from acoustical measurements of speech, noise, and hearing thresholds. This package includes data frames corresponding to Tables 1 - 4 in the ANSI standard as well as functions utilizing these tables and user-provided hearing threshold and noise level measurements to compute the SII score. The methods implemented here extend the standard computations to allow calculation of SII when the measured frequencies do not match those required by the standard by applying interpolation. The package also includes a native C++ implementation of the AUDMOD specific loudness model for impaired hearing (Bramslow, 2004), ported from the bramslow2004 implementation in the Auditory Modeling Toolbox (AMT), to calculate loudness in sones. It provides methods to predict aided SII under hearing aid prescriptive rationales, including Open-NL (Open Non-Linear), a theoretical optimization framework that uses a Nelder-Mead simplex search to maximize the SII (by default with the Johnson and Dillon (2011) desensitization correction), subject to loudness penalties and simulated Maximum Power Output (MPO) constraints. Further functions calculate real-ear insertion gains, estimate maximum power output (SSPL90), and prescribe dynamic range compression. Open-NL and the prescription functions are research tools for theoretical modeling and simulation; they have not been clinically validated and are not intended for fitting hearing aids to patients. Development of this package was originally funded by the Center for Bioscience Education and Technology (CBET) of the Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT).

An implementation of hypothesis testing in an extended Rasch modeling framework, including sample size planning procedures and power computations. Provides 4 statistical tests, i.e., gradient test (GR), likelihood ratio test (LR), Rao score or Lagrange multiplier test (RS), and Wald test, for testing a number of hypotheses referring to the Rasch model (RM), linear logistic test model (LLTM), rating scale model (RSM), and partial credit model (PCM). Three types of functions for power and sample size computations are provided. Firstly, functions to compute the sample size given a user-specified (predetermined) deviation from the hypothesis to be tested, the level alpha, and the power of the test. Secondly, functions to evaluate the power of the tests given a user-specified (predetermined) deviation from the hypothesis to be tested, the level alpha of the test, and the sample size. Thirdly, functions to evaluate the so-called post hoc power of the tests. This is the power of the tests given the observed deviation of the data from the hypothesis to be tested and a user-specified level alpha of the test. Power and sample size computations are based on a Monte Carlo simulation approach. It is computationally very efficient. The variance of the random error in computing power and sample size arising from the simulation approach is analytically derived by using the delta method. Additionally, functions to compute the power of the tests as a function of an effect measure interpreted as explained variance are provided. Draxler, C., & Alexandrowicz, R. W. (2015), <doi:10.1007/s11336-015-9472-y>.

Simulation-based evidence accumulation models for analyzing responses and reaction times in single- and multi-response tasks. The package includes simulation engines for five representative models: the Diffusion Decision Model (DDM), Leaky Competing Accumulator (LCA), Linear Ballistic Accumulator (LBA), Racing Diffusion Model (RDM), and Levy Flight Model (LFM), and extends these frameworks to multi-response settings. The package supports user-defined functions for item-level parameterization and the incorporation of covariates, enabling flexible customization and the development of new model variants based on existing architectures. Inference is performed using simulation-based methods, including Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) and Amortized Bayesian Inference (ABI), which allow parameter estimation without requiring tractable likelihood functions. In addition to core inference tools, the package provides modules for parameter recovery, posterior predictive checks, and model comparison, facilitating the study of a wide range of cognitive processes in tasks involving perceptual decision making, memory retrieval, and value-based decision making. Key methods implemented in the package are described in Ratcliff (1978) <doi:10.1037/0033-295X.85.2.59>, Usher and McClelland (2001) <doi:10.1037/0033-295X.108.3.550>, Brown and Heathcote (2008) <doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2007.12.002>, Tillman, Van Zandt and Logan (2020) <doi:10.3758/s13423-020-01719-6>, Wieschen, Voss and Radev (2020) <doi:10.20982/tqmp.16.2.p120>, Csilléry, François and Blum (2012) <doi:10.1111/j.2041-210X.2011.00179.x>, Beaumont (2019) <doi:10.1146/annurev-statistics-030718-105212>, and Sainsbury-Dale, Zammit-Mangion and Huser (2024) <doi:10.1080/00031305.2023.2249522>.

Aids in identifying the Koeppen-Geiger (KG) climatic zone for a given location. The Koeppen-Geiger climate zones were first published in 1884, as a system to classify regions of the earth by their relative heat and humidity through the year, for the benefit of human health, plant and agriculture and other human activity [1]. This climate zone classification system, applicable to all of the earths surface, has continued to be developed by scientists up to the present day. Recently one of use (FZ) has published updated, higher accuracy KG climate zone definitions [2]. In this package we use these updated high-resolution maps as the data source [3]. We provide functions that return the KG climate zone for a given longitude and lattitude, or for a given United States zip code. In addition the CZUncertainty() function will check climate zones nearby to check if the given location is near a climate zone boundary. In addition an interactive shiny app is provided to define the KG climate zone for a given longitude and lattitude, or United States zip code. Digital data, as well as animated maps, showing the shift of the climate zones are provided on the following website <http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at>. This work was supported by the DOE-EERE SunShot award DE-EE-0007140. [1] W. Koeppen, (2011) <doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2011/105>. [2] F. Rubel and M. Kottek, (2010) <doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2010/0430>. [3] F. Rubel, K. Brugger, K. Haslinger, and I. Auer, (2016) <doi:10.1127/metz/2016/0816>.

Package for Bayesian Variable Selection and Model Averaging in linear models and generalized linear models using stochastic or deterministic sampling without replacement from posterior distributions. Prior distributions on coefficients are from Zellner's g-prior or mixtures of g-priors corresponding to the Zellner-Siow Cauchy Priors or the mixture of g-priors from Liang et al (2008) <DOI:10.1198/016214507000001337> for linear models or mixtures of g-priors from Li and Clyde (2019) <DOI:10.1080/01621459.2018.1469992> in generalized linear models. Other model selection criteria include AIC, BIC and Empirical Bayes estimates of g. Sampling probabilities may be updated based on the sampled models using sampling w/out replacement or an efficient MCMC algorithm which samples models using a tree structure of the model space as an efficient hash table. See Clyde, Ghosh and Littman (2010) <DOI:10.1198/jcgs.2010.09049> for details on the sampling algorithms. Uniform priors over all models or beta-binomial prior distributions on model size are allowed, and for large p truncated priors on the model space may be used to enforce sampling models that are full rank. The user may force variables to always be included in addition to imposing constraints that higher order interactions are included only if their parents are included in the model. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Division of Mathematical Sciences grant 1106891. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.