Fast, efficient, and versatile preprocessing and reshaping of tabular and time-series data. Most heavy routines are implemented in C++ via Rcpp', with optional OpenMP parallelization and SIMD acceleration ('AVX2 / AVX-512') on supported hardware. The 0.1.8 release rewrites the cleaning routines in C++ and delivers a 1.1â 1146Ã speedup over 0.1.5. The melt() and dcast() reshaping functions achieve a 0.6Ã â 1628.9Ã speedup for melt() and a 1.9Ã â 799.8Ã speedup for dcast() relative to every one of the seven major alternatives in the R and Python ecosystems, at every tested scale (from 1,000 to 100,000,000 rows), and produce output identical to reshape2', data.table', tidyr', pandas', polars', dask', and duckdb'. Core preprocessing steps include variable deletion by missing fraction, observation deletion by consecutive missing runs, point-by-point weighted outlier removal via conditional extremum, traditional percentile-based outlier removal, and linear interpolation within short time periods. The package also provides fast reshaping, descriptive statistics, missing-value diagnosis, multiple imputation strategies, winsorization, several outlier detection methods (IQR, MAD, percentile), data transformation and standardization, categorical encoding, duplicate removal, data validation, data quality reporting, and stratified sampling. Feature-engineering helpers cover binning, high-correlation and low-variance filtering, and string cleaning. Time-series tools cover detrending, diurnal-cycle removal, rolling statistics, lag creation, resampling, simple decomposition, day/night and season flags, log returns, drift detection, and panel balancing. Fit/transform-style machine-learning interfaces prevent data leakage during preprocessing. Methods are based on, and improved from: Liang, C.-S., Wu, H., Li, H.-Y., Zhang, Q., Li, Z. & He, K.-B. (2020) <doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140923>. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 12301674).

The spectral characteristics of a bivariate series (Marginal Spectra, Coherency- and Phase-Spectrum) determine whether there is a strong presence of short-, medium-, or long-term fluctuations (components of certain frequencies in the spectral representation of the series) in each one of them. These are induced by strong peaks of the marginal spectra of each series at the corresponding frequencies. The spectral characteristics also determine how strongly these short-, medium-, or long-term fluctuations of the two series are correlated between the two series. Information on this is provided by the Coherency spectrum at the corresponding frequencies. Finally, certain fluctuations of the two series may be lagged to each other. Information on this is provided by the Phase spectrum at the corresponding frequencies. The idea in this package is to define a VAR (Vector autoregression) model with desired spectral characteristics by specifying a number of polynomials, required to define the VAR. See Ioannidis(2007) <doi:10.1016/j.jspi.2005.12.013>. These are specified via their roots, instead of via their coefficients. This is an idea borrowed from the Time Series Library of R. Dahlhaus, where it is used for defining ARMA models for univariate time series. This way, one may e.g. specify a VAR inducing a strong presence of long-term fluctuations in series 1 and in series 2, which are weakly correlated, but lagged by a number of time units to each other, while short-term fluctuations in series 1 and in series 2, are strongly present only in one of the two series, while they are strongly correlated to each other between the two series. Simulation from such models allows studying the behavior of data-analysis tools, such as estimation of the spectra, under different circumstances, as e.g. peaks in the spectra, generating bias, induced by leakage.

Calculates power for assessment of intermediate biomarker responses as correlates of risk in the active treatment group in clinical efficacy trials, as described in Gilbert, Janes, and Huang, Power/Sample Size Calculations for Assessing Correlates of Risk in Clinical Efficacy Trials (2016, Statistics in Medicine). The methods differ from past approaches by accounting for the level of clinical treatment efficacy overall and in biomarker response subgroups, which enables the correlates of risk results to be interpreted in terms of potential correlates of efficacy/protection. The methods also account for inter-individual variability of the observed biomarker response that is not biologically relevant (e.g., due to technical measurement error of the laboratory assay used to measure the biomarker response), which is important because power to detect a specified correlate of risk effect size is heavily affected by the biomarker's measurement error. The methods can be used for a general binary clinical endpoint model with a univariate dichotomous, trichotomous, or continuous biomarker response measured in active treatment recipients at a fixed timepoint after randomization, with either case-cohort Bernoulli sampling or case-control without-replacement sampling of the biomarker (a baseline biomarker is handled as a trivial special case). In a specified two-group trial design, the computeN() function can initially be used for calculating additional requisite design parameters pertaining to the target population of active treatment recipients observed to be at risk at the biomarker sampling timepoint. Subsequently, the power calculation employs an inverse probability weighted logistic regression model fitted by the tps() function in the osDesign package. Power results as well as the relationship between the correlate of risk effect size and treatment efficacy can be visualized using various plotting functions. To link power calculations for detecting a correlate of risk and a correlate of treatment efficacy, a baseline immunogenicity predictor (BIP) can be simulated according to a specified classification rule (for dichotomous or trichotomous BIPs) or correlation with the biomarker response (for continuous BIPs), then outputted along with biomarker response data under assignment to treatment, and clinical endpoint data for both treatment and placebo groups.

Targeted differential and global enrichment analysis of taxonomic rank by shared ASVs (Amplicon Sequence Variant), for high-throughput eDNA sequencing of fungi, bacteria, and metazoan. Actually works in two steps: I) Targeted differential analysis from QIIME2 data and II) Global analysis by Taxon Mann-Whitney U test analysis from targeted analysis (I) (I) Estimate variance-mean dependence in count/abundance ASVs data from high-throughput sequencing assays and test for differential represented ASVs based on a model using the negative binomial distribution. (II) NCBITaxon_MWU uses continuous measure of significance (such as fold-change or -log(p-value)) to identify NCBITaxon that are significantly enriches with either up- or down-represented ASVs. If the measure is binary (0 or 1) the script will perform a typical NCBITaxon enrichment analysis based Fisher's exact test: it will show NCBITaxon over-represented among the ASVs that have 1 as their measure. On the plot, different fonts are used to indicate significance and color indicates enrichment with either up (red) or down (blue) regulated ASVs. No colors are shown for binary measure analysis. The tree on the plot is hierarchical clustering of NCBITaxon based on shared ASVs. Categories with no branch length between them are subsets of each other. The fraction next to the category name indicates the fraction of good ASVs in it; good ASVs are the ones exceeding the arbitrary absValue cutoff (option in taxon_mwuPlot()). For Fisher's based test, specify absValue=0.5. This value does not affect statistics and is used for plotting only. The original idea was for genes differential expression analysis from Wright et al (2015) <doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1540-2>; adapted here for taxonomic analysis. The Anaconda package makes it possible to carry out these analyses by automatically creating several graphs and tables and storing them in specially created subfolders. You will need your QIIME2 pipeline output for each kingdom (eg; Fungi and/or Bacteria and/or Metazoan): i) taxonomy.tsv, ii) taxonomy_RepSeq.tsv, iii) ASV.tsv and iv) SampleSheet_comparison.txt (the latter being created by you).

Perform fundamental analyses using Bayesian parametric and non-parametric inference (regression, anova, 1 and 2 sample inference, non-parametric tests, etc.). (Practically) no Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) is used; all exact finite sample inference is completed via closed form solutions or else through posterior sampling automated to ensure precision in interval estimate bounds. Diagnostic plots for model assessment, and key inferential quantities (point and interval estimates, probability of direction, region of practical equivalence, and Bayes factors) and model visualizations are provided. Bayes factors are computed either by the Savage Dickey ratio given in Dickey (1971) <doi:10.1214/aoms/1177693507> or by Chib's method as given in <doi:10.1080/01621459.1995.10476635>. Interpretations are from Kass and Raftery (1995) <doi:10.1080/01621459.1995.10476572>. ROPE bounds are based on discussions in Kruschke (2018) <doi:10.1177/2515245918771304>. Methods for determining the number of posterior samples required are described in Doss et al. (2014) <doi:10.1214/14-EJS957>. Bayesian model averaging is done in part by Feldkircher and Zeugner (2015) <doi:10.18637/jss.v068.i04>. Methods for contingency table analysis is described in Gunel et al. (1974) <doi:10.1093/biomet/61.3.545>. Variational Bayes (VB) methods are described in Salimans and Knowles (2013) <doi:10.1214/13-BA858>. Mediation analysis uses the framework described in Imai et al. (2010) <doi:10.1037/a0020761>. The loss-likelihood bootstrap used in the non-parametric regression modeling is described in Lyddon et al. (2019) <doi:10.1093/biomet/asz006>. Non-parametric survival methods are described in Qing et al. (2023) <doi:10.1002/pst.2256>. Methods used for the Bayesian Wilcoxon signed-rank analysis is given in Chechile (2018) <doi:10.1080/03610926.2017.1388402> and for the Bayesian Wilcoxon rank sum analysis in Chechile (2020) <doi:10.1080/03610926.2018.1549247>. Correlation analysis methods are carried out by Barch and Chechile (2023) <doi:10.32614/CRAN.package.DFBA>, and described in Lindley and Phillips (1976) <doi:10.1080/00031305.1976.10479154> and Chechile and Barch (2021) <doi:10.1016/j.jmp.2021.102638>. See also Chechile (2020, ISBN: 9780262044585).

The HiCPotts package provides a comprehensive Bayesian framework for analyzing Hi-C interaction data, integrating both spatial and genomic biases within a probabilistic modeling framework. At its core, HiCPotts leverages the Potts model (Wu, 1982)—a well-established graphical model—to capture and quantify spatial dependencies across interaction loci arranged on a genomic lattice. By treating each interaction as a spatially correlated random variable, the Potts model enables robust segmentation of the genomic landscape into meaningful components, such as noise, true signals, and false signals. To model the influence of various genomic biases, HiCPotts employs a regression-based approach incorporating multiple covariates: Genomic distance (D): The distance between interacting loci, recognized as a fundamental driver of contact frequency. GC-content (GC): The local GC composition around the interacting loci, which can influence chromatin structure and interaction patterns. Transposable elements (TEs): The presence and abundance of repetitive elements that may shape contact probability through chromatin organization. Accessibility score (Acc): A measure of chromatin openness, informing how accessible certain genomic regions are to interaction. By embedding these covariates into a hierarchical mixture model, HiCPotts characterizes each interaction’s probability of belonging to one of several latent components. The model parameters, including regression coefficients, zero-inflation parameters (for ZIP/ZINB distributions), and dispersion terms (for NB/ZINB distributions), are inferred via a MCMC sampler. This algorithm draws samples from the joint posterior distribution, allowing for flexible posterior inference on model parameters and hidden states. From these posterior samples, HiCPotts computes posterior means of regression parameters and other quantities of interest. These posterior estimates are then used to calculate the posterior probabilities that assign each interaction to a specific component. The resulting classification sheds light on the underlying structure: distinguishing genuine high-confidence interactions (signal) from background noise and potential false signals, while simultaneously quantifying the impact of genomic biases on observed interaction frequencies. In summary, HiCPotts seamlessly integrates spatial modeling, bias correction, and probabilistic classification into a unified Bayesian inference framework. It provides rich posterior summaries and interpretable, model-based assignments of interaction states, enabling researchers to better understand the interplay between genomic organization, biases, and spatial correlation in Hi-C data.

The standard linear regression theory whether frequentist or Bayesian is based on an assumed (revealed?) truth (John Tukey) attitude to models. This is reflected in the language of statistical inference which involves a concept of truth, for example confidence intervals, hypothesis testing and consistency. The motivation behind this package was to remove the word true from the theory and practice of linear regression and to replace it by approximation. The approximations considered are the least squares approximations. An approximation is called valid if it contains no irrelevant covariates. This is operationalized using the concept of a Gaussian P-value which is the probability that pure Gaussian noise is better in term of least squares than the covariate. The precise definition given in the paper "An Approximation Based Theory of Linear Regression". Only four simple equations are required. Moreover the Gaussian P-values can be simply derived from standard F P-values. Furthermore they are exact and valid whatever the data in contrast F P-values are only valid for specially designed simulations. A valid approximation is one where all the Gaussian P-values are less than a threshold p0 specified by the statistician, in this package with the default value 0.01. This approximations approach is not only much simpler it is overwhelmingly better than the standard model based approach. The will be demonstrated using high dimensional regression and vector autoregression real data sets. The goal is to find valid approximations. The search function is f1st which is a greedy forward selection procedure which results in either just one or no approximations which may however not be valid. If the size is less than than a threshold with default value 21 then an all subset procedure is called which returns the best valid subset. A good default start is f1st(y,x,kmn=15) The best function for returning multiple approximations is f3st which repeatedly calls f1st. For more information see the papers: L. Davies and L. Duembgen, "Covariate Selection Based on a Model-free Approach to Linear Regression with Exact Probabilities", <doi:10.48550/arXiv.2202.01553>, L. Davies, "An Approximation Based Theory of Linear Regression", 2024, <doi:10.48550/arXiv.2402.09858>.

This package provides meta-analysis methods that correct for publication bias and outcome reporting bias. Four methods and a visual tool are currently included in the package.

1. The p-uniform method as described in van Assen, van Aert, and Wicherts (2015) doi:10.1037/met0000025 can be used for estimating the average effect size, testing the null hypothesis of no effect, and testing for publication bias using only the statistically significant effect sizes of primary studies.

2. The p-uniform* method as described in van Aert and van Assen (2019) doi:10.31222/osf.io/zqjr9. This method is an extension of the p-uniform method that allows for estimation of the average effect size and the between-study variance in a meta-analysis, and uses both the statistically significant and nonsignificant effect sizes.

3. The hybrid method as described in van Aert and van Assen (2017) doi:10.3758/s13428-017-0967-6. The hybrid method is a meta-analysis method for combining an original study and replication and while taking into account statistical significance of the original study. The p-uniform and hybrid method are based on the statistical theory that the distribution of p-values is uniform conditional on the population effect size.

4. The fourth method in the package is the Snapshot Bayesian Hybrid Meta-Analysis Method as described in van Aert and van Assen (2018) doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0175302. This method computes posterior probabilities for four true effect sizes (no, small, medium, and large) based on an original study and replication while taking into account publication bias in the original study. The method can also be used for computing the required sample size of the replication akin to power analysis in null hypothesis significance testing.

The meta-plot is a visual tool for meta-analysis that provides information on the primary studies in the meta-analysis, the results of the meta-analysis, and characteristics of the research on the effect under study (van Assen and others, 2020).

Helper functions to apply the Correcting for Outcome Reporting Bias (CORB) method to correct for outcome reporting bias in a meta-analysis (van Aert & Wicherts, 2020).

Data analysis of proteomics experiments by mass spectrometry is supported by this collection of functions mostly dedicated to the analysis of (bottom-up) quantitative (XIC) data. Fasta-formatted proteomes (eg from UniProt Consortium <doi:10.1093/nar/gky1049>) can be read with automatic parsing and multiple annotation types (like species origin, abbreviated gene names, etc) extracted. Initial results from multiple software for protein (and peptide) quantitation can be imported (to a common format): MaxQuant (Tyanova et al 2016 <doi:10.1038/nprot.2016.136>), Dia-NN (Demichev et al 2020 <doi:10.1038/s41592-019-0638-x>), Fragpipe (da Veiga et al 2020 <doi:10.1038/s41592-020-0912-y>), ionbot (Degroeve et al 2021 <doi:10.1101/2021.07.02.450686>), MassChroq (Valot et al 2011 <doi:10.1002/pmic.201100120>), OpenMS (Strauss et al 2021 <doi:10.1038/nmeth.3959>), ProteomeDiscoverer (Orsburn 2021 <doi:10.3390/proteomes9010015>), Proline (Bouyssie et al 2020 <doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btaa118>), AlphaPept (preprint Strauss et al <doi:10.1101/2021.07.23.453379>) and Wombat-P (Bouyssie et al 2023 <doi:10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00636>. Meta-data provided by initial analysis software and/or in sdrf format can be integrated to the analysis. Quantitative proteomics measurements frequently contain multiple NA values, due to physical absence of given peptides in some samples, limitations in sensitivity or other reasons. Help is provided to inspect the data graphically to investigate the nature of NA-values via their respective replicate measurements and to help/confirm the choice of NA-replacement algorithms. Meta-data in sdrf-format (Perez-Riverol et al 2020 <doi:10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00376>) or similar tabular formats can be imported and included. Missing values can be inspected and imputed based on the concept of NA-neighbours or other methods. Dedicated filtering and statistical testing using the framework of package limma (<doi:10.18129/B9.bioc.limma>) can be run, enhanced by multiple rounds of NA-replacements to provide robustness towards rare stochastic events. Multi-species samples, as frequently used in benchmark-tests (eg Navarro et al 2016 <doi:10.1038/nbt.3685>, Ramus et al 2016 <doi:10.1016/j.jprot.2015.11.011>), can be run with special options considering such sub-groups during normalization and testing. Subsequently, ROC curves (Hand and Till 2001 <doi:10.1023/A:1010920819831>) can be constructed to compare multiple analysis approaches. As detailed example the data-set from Ramus et al 2016 (<doi:10.1016/j.jprot.2015.11.011>) quantified by MaxQuant, ProteomeDiscoverer, and Proline is provided with a detailed analysis of heterologous spike-in proteins.

Sixteen tools for bioinformatics processing and analysis of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) data. The functions are tailored for amplicon data sets that have been filtered using the dada2 method (for more information on dada2, visit <https://benjjneb.github.io/dada2/> ), but even other types of data sets can be analyzed. The ReplMatch() function matches replicates in data sets in order to evaluate genotyping success. The GetReplTable() and GetReplStats() functions perform such an evaluation. The CreateFas() function creates a fasta file with all the sequences in the data set. The CreateSamplesFas() function creates individual fasta files for each sample in the data set. The DistCalc() function calculates Grantham, Sandberg, or p-distances from pairwise comparisons of all sequences in a data set, and mean distances of all pairwise comparisons within each sample in a data set. The function additionally outputs five tables with physico-chemical z-descriptor values (based on Sandberg et al. 1998) for each amino acid position in all sequences in the data set. These tables may be useful for further downstream analyses, such as estimation of MHC supertypes. The BootKmeans() function is a wrapper for the kmeans() function of the stats package, which allows for bootstrapping. Bootstrapping k-estimates may be desirable in data sets, where e.g. BIC- vs. k-values do not produce clear inflection points ("elbows"). BootKmeans() performs multiple runs of kmeans() and estimates optimal k-values based on a user-defined threshold of BIC reduction. The method is an automated and bootstrapped version of visually inspecting elbow plots of BIC- vs. k-values. The ClusterMatch() function is a tool for evaluating whether different k-means() clustering models identify similar clusters, and summarize bootstrap model stats as means for different estimated values of k. It is designed to take files produced by the BootKmeans() function as input, but other data can be analyzed if the descriptions of the required data formats are observed carefully. The SynDist() function analyses of synonymous variation among aligned protein-coding DNA sequences, that is, nucleotide substitutions that do not translate to changes in the amino acid sequences due to degeneracy of the genetic code. The SynDist() function calculates synonymous nucleotide changes per base and per codon in pairwise sequence comparisons, as well as mean synonymous variation among all pairwise comparisons of the sequences within each sample in a data set. The PapaDiv() function compares parent pairs in the data set and calculate their joint MHC diversity, taking into account sequence variants that occur in both parents. The HpltFind() function infers putative haplotypes from families in the data set. The GetHpltTable() and GetHpltStats() functions evaluate the accuracy of the haplotype inference. The CreateHpltOccTable() function creates a binary (logical) haplotype-sequence occurrence matrix from the output of HpltFind(), for easy overview of which sequences are present in which haplotypes. The HpltMatch() function compares haplotypes to help identify overlapping and potentially identical types. The NestTablesXL() function translates the output from HpltFind() to an Excel workbook, that provides a convenient overview for evaluation and curating of the inferred putative haplotypes.

R packages for genetics research.

External jars required for package RWeka'.

Enables mapping of country level and gridded user datasets.

This package provides an interface to the Facebook API.

Reline is a pure Ruby alternative GNU Readline or Editline implementation.

Platform Design Info for The Manufacturer's Name Rhesus.

This package contains example data for the rehh package.

This package provides a command line interface for running for Rack applications.

This package provides a command line interface for running for Rack applications.

This package provides several non parametric randomness tests for numeric sequences.

Platform Design Info for The Manufacturer's Name RN_U34.

This package provides R functions to selectively rasterize components of grid output.

An R interface to the SYMPHONY solver for mixed-integer linear programs.

This package provides tools to convert R Markdown documents into a variety of formats.